Mienzaniso yeMibvunzo yeKukurukura Zvidimbu zveMwaranzi
Kupisa kwemwaranzi chiitiko chinosanganisa kuburitswa kwesimba muchimiro chezvidimbu kana mafungu. Chiitiko ichi chinowanikwa kwese kwese, kubva kumwaranzi yezuva inodziya pasi kusvika pakushandiswa kwakaoma kwehunyanzvi hwenyukireya. Kukurukurirana nezvezvidimbu zvemwaranzi kwakakosha kwete mufizikisi chete asiwo muminda yehutano nenharaunda. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura mienzaniso yakati wandei yezvinetso nehurukuro maererano nezvizvidimbu zvemwaranzi kuti zvibatsire kunzwisisa nyaya yacho.
Nhanganyaya yeRadiation
Tisati tanyatsoongorora matambudziko emuenzaniso, zvakakosha kuti tinzwisise zvakakosha zvezvidimbu zvemwaranzi. Mwaranzi inogona kukamurwa muzvikamu zviviri zvikuru: mwaranzi inoisa ionizing uye mwaranzi isingaisi ionizing. Mwaranzi inoisa ionizing ine simba rakakwana rekuita maatomu anoisa ioni, kureva kuwedzera kana kubvisa maerekitironi kubva mumaatomu kana mamorekuru, uye inosanganisira mhando dzemwaranzi dzakadai se alpha, beta, uye gamma rays. Mwaranzi isingaisi ionizing, kune rumwe rutivi, haina simba rakakwana rekuita maatomu anoisa ioni asi inogona kukonzera kupisa, senge ma microwave nemafungu eredhiyo.
Kushandiswa kwemwaranzi yeAlpha
Alpha radiation chinhu chinoumbwa nemapurotoni maviri nemanyutroni maviri (helium nuclei). Nekuti zvidimbu zvealpha zvine chaji yakanaka uye zvakakura, zvine simba shoma rekupinda uye zvinogona kumiswa nepepa kana kunyange ganda remunhu.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 1
Mubvunzo: Panobva mwaranzi yealpha inozivikanwa nekuburitsa simba re4 MeV. Kana chidimbu chealpha chikarova bepa rine ukobvu hwe0,01 mm chikanyudzwa chose, isimba rakadii rinonyudzwa nebepa?
Kukurukurirana: Sezvo zvidimbu zvealpha zvisingakwanise kupinda mupepa rakatetepa, simba rese rinobva muzvidimbu zvealpha richatorwa nepepa. Nokudaro, simba rinotorwa rakaenzana nesimba rinoburitswa, iro riri 4 MeV.
Beta Mwaranzi
Mwaranzi yeBeta ine maerekitironi anomhanya zvikuru (beta minus) kana kuti mapositron (beta plus). Zvidimbu zveBeta zvine simba guru rekupinda kupfuura zvidimbu zvealpha, asi zvinogona kumiswa nemamirimita mashoma ezvinhu zvakakora, zvakaita searuminiyamu.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 2
Mubvunzo: Beta radiation source inoburitsa zvidimbu zvine simba re1 MeV. Kana zvidimbu izvi zvikarova plate yealuminium ine ukobvu hwe2 mm, tarisa kana zvidimbu zvebeta zvichikwanisa kupinda muchinhu chacho.
Kukurukurirana: Kazhinji, zvidimbu zve beta zvine simba re 1 MeV zvinogona kupinda muplate yearuminiyamu ine ukobvu hwe 1-2 mm. Saka, muchiitiko ichi, ukobvu hweplate yearuminiyamu hwakakwana kuvhara zvidimbu zve beta zvakawanda. Zvimwe zvinogona kupinda, asi simba razvo richadzikira zvekuti simba razvo harisi guru.
Mwaranzi yeGamma
Mwaranzi yeGamma imwaranzi yemagetsi yakafanana nechiedza kana X-rays, asi ine simba rakawanda. Mwaranzi iyi ine simba guru rinopinda uye inogona kupinda muzvinhu zvakakora, asi simba rayo rinogona kuderedzwa nekushandisa zvinhu zvine density yakawanda, zvakaita se lead kana concrete.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 3
Mubvunzo: Sosi ye gamma inoburitsa gamma photons ine simba re 0,5 MeV. Kobvu hwe lead hunodiwa kuti ideredze simba remwaranzi nehafu sei?
Kukurukurirana: Kuderera kwesimba remwaranzi yegamma kunoonekwa nemutemo we exponential, unoratidzwa se \(I = I_0 e^{-\mu x}\), apo \(I\) iri simba remwaranzi rasara, \(I_0\) iri simba rekutanga, \(\mu\) iri attenuation coefficient yezvinhu, uye \(x\) iri ukobvu hwezvinhu.
Pamwaranzi ye gamma ine simba re 0,5 MeV, kukosha kwe \(\mu\) kwe lead kunenge 1,5 cm\(^{-1}\). Tinowana \(x\) kana \(I = \frac{1}{2}I_0\):
\[ \frac{1}{2} = e^{-1,5x} \]
\[ \ln{\frac{1}{2}} = -1,5x \]
\[ x \approx \frac{-\ln{\frac{1}{2}}}{1,5} \approx \frac{0,693}{1,5} \approx 0,462 \text{ cm} \]
Saka, zvinotora anenge 0,46 cm yemutobvu kuderedza simba remwaranzi wegamma nehafu.
Zvazvinoreva uye Mhedziso
Kunzwisisa hunhu hwemwaranzi uye kuti inosangana sei nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana kwakakosha pakushandiswa kwetekinoroji yenyukireya, hutano, uye kuchengetedzeka. Kukurukurirana nezvematambudziko aya hakungopi chete ruzivo rwekuti nheyo dzekutanga dzinoshandiswa sei asiwo kunosimbisa kukosha kwekudzivirirwa kwemwaranzi mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana.
Ruzivo urwu runogona kuva chishandiso chakakosha kune vesainzi, mainjiniya, uye nyanzvi dzehutano mukuongorora njodzi, kugadzira dziviriro yemwaranzi, uye kuona kuti matekinoroji ane chekuita nemwaranzi akachengeteka. Uyezve, kudzidzisa veruzhinji nezvenjodzi dzemwaranzi uye kuderedza njodzi kwakakosha kuderedza njodzi kunharaunda. Nekunzwisisa kwakakodzera, mabhenefiti ehunyanzvi hwemwaranzi anogona kuwedzerwa ukuwo achideredza migumisiro yakaipa.
