Mienzaniso yeMibvunzo Inotaura Nezvekusanganiswa Kwemafuta uye Kuderedzwa Kwemafuta
Pendauluan
Kuoxidation nekuderedza ipfungwa huru mukemikari dzakabatana uye dzisingaparadzaniswi. Maitiro aya anoitika panguva imwe chete mukuita kunozivikanwa se redox reaction (oxidation-reduction reaction). Mukuita uku, chinhu chiri pasi pe oxidation chinoburitsa maerekitironi, nepo chinhu chiri pasi pekuderedza chichiwedzera maerekitironi. Kuti tinzwisise zvakadzama, ngatitarisei muenzaniso wedambudziko netsananguro yaro.
Mibvunzo neKukurukurirana pamusoro peKuoresa uye Kuderedza Kuwanda kweOxidation
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 1
Mubvunzo:
Sarudza zvinhu zvinoitwa oxidation uye kuderedza maitiro anotevera:
\[ 2Mg(s) + O_2(g) \museve wekurudyi 2MgO(s) \]
Kukurukurirana:
Kuti tione kuti ndezvipi zvinhu zvinooxidation uye zvinoderedzwa, tinofanira kutarisa shanduko muhuwandu hweoxidation hwechinhu chimwe nechimwe mu reaction.
1. Nhamba dzeOxidation mukombuta yekutanga:
– Magnesium (Mg) chinhu chakasununguka chiri muchimiro chakasimba (s), saka nhamba yayo yekuoxidation i0.
– Okisijeni (O₂) muchimiro chemamorekuru egasi (g) chinhu chakasununguka, saka nhamba yayo yekuoxidation zvakare 0.
2. Nhamba dze oxidation mumakemikari echigadzirwa:
– Magnesium iri mu magnesium oxide (MgO) ine nhamba ye oxidation ye +2 (Mg²⁺).
– Okisijeni iri mumagnesium oxide (MgO) ine nhamba ye oxidation ye -2 (O²⁻).
3. Shanduko muhuwandu hweokisijeni:
– Magnesium inoshanduka kubva pa0 kuenda pa +2. Izvi zvinoreva kuti magnesium yakawedzera huwandu hweoxidation, kana kuti yakaoxidized.
– Okisijeni inochinja kubva pa0 kuenda pa -2. Izvi zvinoreva kuti okisijeni yave nenhamba yakaderera ye okisijeni, kana kuti yave nenhamba shoma.
Mhedziso:
– Magnesium (Mg) chinhu chinoshanduka kuita oxidation.
– Okisijeni (O₂) chinhu chinodzikira.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 2
Mubvunzo:
Ziva chinhu chinooxidizing uye chinhu chinodzikisa mukuita kunotevera:
\[ Zn + CuSO_4 \kurudyi ZnSO_4 + Cu \]
Kukurukurirana:
Mukuita uku, tichaona kuti ndiani ari kuoxidized uye ndiani ari kuderedzwa, pamwe nekuona oxidant inooxidating uye agent inodzikisa.
1. Zvinoita kuti pave nemakemikari:
– Zn (s): Nhamba yekuokisijeni = 0.
- Cu muCuSO₄: Oxidation nhamba = +2.
2. Zvigadzirwa:
– Zn muZnSO₄: Nhamba yeOxidation = +2.
– Cu (s) : Nhamba yekuokisijeni = 0.
3. Kuchinja kweOxidation Numbers:
– Zn inoshanduka kubva pa0 kuenda pa +2. Izvi zvinoreva kuti Zn inowana kuwedzera kwenhamba ye oxidation, kana kuti inooxidation.
– Cu inoshanduka kubva pa +2 kuenda pa 0. Izvi zvinoreva kuti Cu inowana kudzikira kwenhamba ye oxidation, kana kuti inodzikira.
4. Zvinoita Oxidizing uye Zvinoita Reducing:
– Chinhu chinooxidizing chinhu chinoita kuti chimwe chinhu chioxidize, uye icho chinodzikira. Mukuita uku, Cu²⁺ muCuSO₄ inokonzera Zn kuti ioxide, saka Cu²⁺ ndiyo chinhu chinooxidizing.
– Chinhu chinodzikisa chinhu chinoita kuti chimwe chinhu chiderere, uye icho pachacho chinooxidized. Mukuita uku, Zn inokonzera Cu²⁺ kuderedzwa, saka Zn inoderedza.
Mhedziso:
– Chinhu chinooxidizing agent iCu²⁺ muCuSO₄.
- Chinhu chinodzikisa mvura ndiZn.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 3
Mubvunzo:
Verenga nhamba dze oxidation yezvinhu zviri mumakemikari anotevera:
\[ H_2SO_4 \]
Kukurukurirana:
Kuti tizive nhamba ye oxidation yechinhu chimwe nechimwe chiri mu sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), tinoshandisa mitemo yekuona nhamba dze oxidation.
1. Hydrogen (H) mumakemikari inowanzova nenhamba ye oxidation ye +1.
2. Okisijeni (O) mumakomponi inowanzova nenhamba ye oxidation ye -2.
3. Huwandu hwese hwenhamba dzeoxidation mukomponi isina kusimba hunofanira kuva 0.
Zvino tinoverenga:
– Hydrogen: maatomu maviri eH rimwe nerimwe +1, huwandu hwese (+1) 2 = +2.
– Okisijeni: 4 maatomu eO rimwe nerimwe -2, huwandu hwese (-2) 4 = -8.
– Sarufa: Ngatitii nhamba ye oxidation S = x.
Huwandu hwehuwandu hweoxidation:
\[ 2(+1) + x + 4(-2) = 0 \]
\[ 2 + x – 8 = 0 \]
\[x – 6 = 0 \]
\[x = +6 \]
Mhedziso:
– Nhamba ye oxidation H = +1
– Nhamba yekuokisijeni O = -2
– Nhamba ye oxidation S = +6
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 4
Mubvunzo:
Mukuita kunotevera, sarudza nhamba ye oxidation yechinhu chimwe nechimwe, uye sarudza hafu yekuita kwe redox reaction iyi:
\[ MnO_4^- + 8H^+ + 5Fe^{2+} \kurudyi Mn^{2+} + 4H_2O + 5Fe^{3+} \]
Kukurukurirana:
1. Sarudza nhamba ye oxidation:
– Mn muMnO₄⁻ : Nhamba ye oxidation yeMn i +7. (Nekuti O = -2 mumaatomu mana eO: (-2) 4 = -8; Ioni yakaenzana yeMnO₄⁻ = -1; Saka Mn inofanira kuva +7 ye equilibrium: +7 – 8 = -1).
– Fe muFe²⁺: Nhamba yekuoxidation yeFe i +2.
– Mn muMn²⁺: Nhamba yekuoxidation yeMn i +2.
– Fe muFe³⁺: Nhamba yekuoxidation yeFe i +3.
– Okisijeni muH₂O: Nhamba yekuokisijeni yeO i -2.
– Hydrogen muH₂O: Nhamba yekuoxidation yeH i +1.
2. Sarudza kuti chii chinonzi hafu yemhinduro:
– Kuita kweOxidation (Fe²⁺ inova Fe³⁺):
\[ Fe^{2+} \rightarrow Fe^{3+} + e^- \]
– Kuderedza maitiro (MnO₄⁻ kusvika Mn²⁺):
\[ MnO_4^- + 8H^+ + 5e^- \kurudyi Mn^{2+} + 4H_2O \]
Mhedziso:
– Nhamba yekuoxidation yeMn muMnO₄⁻ ndeye +7.
– Nhamba yekuoxidation yeFe muFe²⁺ ndeye +2.
– Nhamba yekuoxidation yeFe muFe³⁺ ndeye +3.
Penutup
Nekunzwisisa mienzaniso nehurukuro dzayo, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nyore pfungwa dze oxidation nekudzikira kwemakemikari. Nhamba dze oxidation dzinoita basa rakakosha pakuona kuti ndeapi ma oxidation uye ndeapi anodzikira mumakemikari. Tinovimba kuti chinyorwa chino chichakubatsira kunzwisisa zviri nani uye kunzwisisa pfungwa dze oxidation nekudzikira.
