Mienzaniso yeMibvunzo paKukurukurirana NezveMajini
Genetics ibazi rebiology rinoongorora majini, nhaka yehunhu, uye kuti ruzivo urwu rwemajini runoratidzwa sei muchimiro chemuviri chezvinhu zvipenyu. Kunzwisisa majini kwakakosha nekuti kunotsanangura kuti zvipenyu zvinokura sei, zvinoshanda sei, zvinoberekana sei, uye zvinoita sei kune zvakavapoteredza. Kuti tiwedzere kunzwisisa uku, chinyorwa chino chichapa mienzaniso yakati wandei yemibvunzo nehurukuro dzayo dzine chekuita nemajini.
Mubvunzo 1: Nhaka yeHunhu muMendel
Mubvunzo: Kana chirimwa chembeu chinonzi heterozygous chinoreva kureba (Tt) chikasanganiswa nechirimwa chembeu pfupi (tt), chikamu chipi chembeu chichareba?
Kukurukurirana:
Ngatitangei nekunzwisisa ma genotypes akapihwa. `T` ndiyo allele inonyanya kukosha pahurefu, nepo `t` iri allele inodzokera shure pahupfupi. Chirimwa chakareba chine heterozygous chine genotype `Tt`, uye chirimwa chipfupi chine genotype `tt`.
Patinosika chikwere chePunnett chemuchinjikwa uyu, tinogona kuyera mhando dzemajini evana:
``
T t
------
t | Tt tt
t | Tt tt
``
Kubva patafura iri pamusoro:
– 50% yevana (`Tt`) vane genotype refu nekuti kune imwe allele inotonga `T`.
– 50% yevana (`tt`) vane genotype pfupi.
Saka, 50% yevana vachareba.
Mubvunzo 2: Kuongorora Kubatana kweMajini
Mubvunzo: Majini A naB ari pa chromosome imwe chete ine mamapu makumi maviri akaparadzana. Kana munhu ane genotype AB/ab akasangana ne gametogenesis, ingani chikamu chema gametes chichabatanidzwazve?
Kukurukurirana:
Kuwanda kwekusangana kwemajini maviri ari pachromosome imwe chete kunogona kuverengerwa zvichienderana nekureba kwemajini avo. Panyaya yemayuniti emepu, daro reyuniti imwe yemapu rinenge rakaenzana nemukana we1% wekusanganazve. Saka, nedaro remayuniti makumi maviri emapu, pane mukana we20% wekuti kusanganazve kwemajini A neB kuchaitika.
Izvi zvinoreva kuti mukuumbwa kwemagametes kubva kuvanhu veAB/ab:
– 20% yemagametes achave akasanganiswa, kureva `Ab` kana `aB`.
– 80% yemagametes haazosanganisike, kureva kuti `AB` kana `ab`.
Mubvunzo 3: Nhaka yeHuwandu
Mubvunzo: Kana kureba kwemuti kuchikanganiswa nemajini maviri (Aa naBb) ane mhedzisiro yekuwedzera, uye allele imwe neimwe inotonga ichiwedzera 5 cm pakukwirira kwepasi kwe50 cm, verenga kukwirira kwemuti une genotype AABb.
Kukurukurirana:
Majini A naB anowedzera kukwirira kwemuti. Mu genotype yeAABb:
– Kune ma alleles maviri anotonga `A`: ma `A` maviri anopa imwe 2×5 cm = 10 cm.
– Allele huru `B` inongova imwe chete: imwe `B` inopa imwe 1×5 cm = 5 cm.
Kureba kwechigadziko chemuti i50 cm. Nekuwedzera kwemhedzisiro ye allele inotonga, kureba kwese kwemuti kunova:
50 cm (kureba kwehwaro) + 10 cm (kubva ku `AA`) + 5 cm (kubva ku `B`) = 65 cm.
Saka, chirimwa chine genotype yeAABb chichareba masendimita makumi matanhatu nemashanu.
Mubvunzo 4: Zvirwere zveMajini uye Mikana Yekuti Zvingaitika
Mubvunzo: Mumhuri, baba ndivo vanotakura hunhu hwealbino (Aa) uye amai havana recessive allele (AA). Ndeipi mukana wekuti vana vavo vave albino?
Kukurukurirana:
Albinism chirwere chinodzokororwa, zvichireva kuti ma alleles maviri (aa) anodiwa kuti aratidze hunhu hwacho. Rudzi rwababa ndi 'Aa' uye rwaamai ndi 'AA'.
Funga nezve musanganiswa unogoneka muPunnett square:
``
A A
------
A | AA AA
a | Aa Aa
``
Mhedzisiro yacho yakabatanidzwa inoratidza:
– 50% yevana vachave nerudzi rwe `AA` genotype (isiri yekutakura, isiri albino).
– 50% yevana vachave ne genotype `Aa` (mutakuri, asiri albino).
Hapana mukana wekuti vana vavo vachave ne genotype ye `aa`, saka mukana wekuva nemwana ane albino i 0%.
Mubvunzo 5: Kuongorora Chromosome Yakabatana Nebonde
Mubvunzo: Mukadzi ane ganda diki (X^BX^b) anoroorwa nemurumewo zvake (X^BY). Mikana yekuti vachava nemwanakomana ane ganda diki iripi?
Kukurukurirana:
Kusaona ruvara kwakabatana nechromosome yeX uye kunorecessive (X^b). Vanhukadzi ndivo vanotakura chirwere ichi uye vane genotype yeX^BX^b uye vanhurume vakajairwa vane X^BY. Uchishandisa muchinjikwa:
``
X^BY
------
X^B | X^BX^BX^BY
X^b | X^BX^b X^bY
``
Mhedzisiro yekuberekesa vakomana:
– 50% yevakomana vachave ne genotype X^BY (yakajairika).
– 50% yevakomana vane genotype X^bY (ruvara rweganda).
Saka, pane mukana we50% wekuti mwanakomana wavo haazokwanisi kubvisa ruvara rweganda.
Muhurukuro iri pamusoro apa, taongorora mamiriro ezvinhu akati wandei anoratidza misimboti yekutanga yemajini, kubva kune yekare kusvika kune yemazuva ano. Kunzwisisa uku hakungobatsiri chete pabvunzo asiwo kunoshanda sehwaro hwekutsvagisa nekuvandudza zvidzidzo zvebiotechnology uye kukura kwekurapa majini. Nekuvandudza hunyanzvi hwedu hwekuongorora mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana, kunzwisisa kwedu mashandiro anoita hupenyu kunowedzera.
