Mienzaniso yeMibvunzo Kukurukura NezveMagetsi Asingachinji
Pendauluan
Magetsi asingachinji chinhu chatinowanzo sangana nacho muhupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva. Kubva pane zvakaitika pakubatwa nemagetsi kadiki kana ukabata chibato chemusuwo kusvika pakumira kwebvudzi pamucheto kana uchikwesha nepurasitiki, zvese zvinogona kutsanangurwa nemisimboti yemagetsi asingachinji. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura mienzaniso yakati wandei yematambudziko emagetsi asingachinji, tichitsanangura pfungwa huru uye kushandisa mitemo inoshanda.
Kunzwisisa Magetsi Asingachinji
Magetsi asingachinjiki kuunganidzwa kwechaji yemagetsi pamusoro pechinhu. Izvi zvinoitika nekuda kwekutamiswa kwemaerekitironi kubva pane chimwe chinhu kuenda kune chimwe, kazhinji kunokonzerwa nekukweshana, senge kana bharumu richikweshwa pabvudzi. Simba rinobva pakukwesha kwemagetsi uku rinotongwa nemutemo waCoulomb.
Mutemo waCoulomb unoti simba riri pakati pezvinhu zviviri zvinochajwa rinoenderana nehukuru hwezvinochajwa uye rinoenderana nechikamu chedaro riri pakati pazvo. Nzira yemasvomhu yemutemo uyu ndeiyi:
\[ F = k \frac{{|q_1 q_2|}}{{r^2}} \]
dimana:
– \( F \) isimba riri pakati pemhosva mbiri,
– \( k \) ndiyo Coulomb constant (\( 8.99 \times 10^9 \, N \cdot m^2 / C^2 \)),
– \( q_1 \) uye \( q_2 \) ndiwo hukuru hwechaji yemagetsi, uye
– \( r \) ndiyo daro riri pakati pemachaji maviri.
Mibvunzo yemuenzaniso nehurukuro
Mubvunzo 1: Kuverenga Simba reMagetsi raCoulomb
Machaji maviri ehukuru \( 5 \, \mu C \) uye \( -3 \, \mu C \) akaiswa padaro re 20 cm. Verenga simba remagetsi pakati pemachaji maviri!
Kukurukurirana:
Kutanga, shandura mayuniti echaja nedaro kuita system yepasi rose (SI):
– \( q_1 = 5 \, \mu C = 5 \kawa 10^{-6} \, C \)
– \( q_2 = -3 \, \mu C = -3 \kawa 10^{-6} \, C \)
– \( r = 20 \, cm = 0.2 \, m \)
Shandisa mutemo waCoulomb kuverenga simba:
\[ F = k \frac{{|q_1 q_2|}}{{r^2}} \]
Tsiva tsika dzinozivikanwa:
\[ F = \kuruboshwe( 8.99 \kawa 10^9 \frac{N \cdot m^2}{C^2} \kurudyi) \frac{{|5 \kawa 10^{-6} \, C \kawa (-3 \kawa 10^{-6} \, C)|}}{{(0.2 \, m)^2}} \]
\[ F = \kuruboshwe( 8.99 \kawa 10^9 \kurudyi) \frac{{15 \kawa 10^{-12}}}{{0.04}} \]
\[ F = \kuruboshwe( 8.99 \kawa 10^9 \kurudyi) \kawa 3.75 \kawa 10^{-10} \]
\[ F = 3.37 \, N \]
Simba riri pakati pemachaji maviri i3.37 N uye sezvo rimwe remachaji riri negative, simba iri rinokwezva.
Mubvunzo 2: Mhedzisiro yeDanharare paSimba reCoulomb
Machaji maviri \( +4 \, \mu C \) uye \( +6 \, \mu C \) akaiswa padaro re 0.1 m. Kana daro riri pakati pemachaji maviri rikawedzerwa kusvika 0.2 m, sarudza kuti simba reCoulomb rinochinja sei!
Kukurukurirana:
Kutanga, verenga simba riri padaro rekutanga \( 0.1\, m \):
– \( q_1 = 4 \, \mu C = 4 \kawa 10^{-6} \, C \)
– \( q_2 = 6 \, \mu C = 6 \kawa 10^{-6} \, C \)
– \( r_1 = 0.1 \, m \)
\[ F_1 = k \frac{{|q_1 q_2|}}{{r_1^2}} \]
Tsiva tsika dzinozivikanwa:
\[ F_1 = \kuruboshwe( 8.99 \kawa 10^9 \kurudyi) \frac{{24 \kawa 10^{-12}}}{{(0.1)^2}} \]
\[ F_1 = \kuruboshwe( 8.99 \kawa 10^9 \kurudyi) \kawa 2.4 \kawa 10^{-10} \]
\[ F_1 = 2.1576 \, N \]
Zvino, verenga simba riri padaro idzva \( 0.2 \, m \):
– \( r_2 = 0.2 \, m \)
\[ F_2 = k \frac{{|q_1 q_2|}}{{r_2^2}} \]
\[ F_2 = \kuruboshwe( 8.99 \kawa 10^9 \kurudyi) \frac{{24 \kawa 10^{-12}}}{{(0.2)^2}} \]
\[ F_2 = \kuruboshwe( 8.99 \kawa 10^9 \kurudyi) \kawa 6 \kawa 10^{-11} \]
\[ F_2 = 0.5394 \, N \]
Saka, kana daro riri pakati pemachaji maviri rakawedzerwa kubva pa 0.1 m kusvika pa 0.2 m, simba reCoulomb rinoderera kubva pa 2.1576 N kusvika pa 0.5394 N.
Dambudziko rechitatu: Basa rekutakura mutoro
Chaji \( q = 2 \, \mu C \) inotamiswa kubva panzvimbo A kuenda panzvimbo B mumunda wemagetsi une potentials \( V_A = 100 \, V \) uye \( V_B = 40 \, V \). Basa rakawanda sei rinoitwa pakufambisa chaji?
Kukurukurirana:
Basa rinoitwa pakufambisa chaji mumunda wemagetsi rinogona kuverengwa uchishandisa fomura iyi:
\[ W = q (V_A – V_B) \]
Tsiva tsika dzinozivikanwa:
– \( q = 2 \, \mu C = 2 \kawa 10^{-6} \, C \)
– \( V_A = 100 \, V \)
– \( V_B = 40 \, V \)
\[ W = (2 \kawa 10^{-6} \, C) (100 \, V – 40 \, V) \]
\[ W = (2 \kawa 10^{-6} \, C) \kawa 60 \, V \]
\[ W = 1.2 \kawa 10^{-4} \, J \]
Saka, basa rinoitwa kuti charge ifambiswe nderekuti \( 1.2 \times 10^{-4} \, J \).
Mhedziso
Magetsi asingachinji chinhu chinonakidza chinowanzoita basa mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana ezuva nezuva. Kunzwisisa pfungwa huru dzakadai semutemo waCoulomb nemisimboti yeminda yemagetsi kwakakosha pakuongorora nekugadzirisa matambudziko ane chekuita nazvo. Kuburikidza nemienzaniso yakurukurwa, tinogona kushandisa dzidziso dzefizikisi kuti tinzwisise kudyidzana kuripo pakati pemagetsi anochaja uye hukuru hwemasimba ari kushanda pakati pawo. Nekunzwisisa kwakasimba, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani uye kudzora chiitiko chemagetsi asingachinji muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
