Mibvunzo yeMienzaniso neKukurukurirana kweKupatsanurwa kweHydrocarbon
Mahydrocarboni makemikari emuchadenga anoumbwa nezvinhu zvakaita secarbon (C) nehydrogen (H). Mamakemikari aya anogona kusiyaniswa zvichienderana nechimiro chawo uye mhando dzezvisungo zvaanazvo. Kazhinji, mahydrocarboni anoiswa muzvikamu zviviri zvikuru: aliphatic hydrocarboni uye aromatic hydrocarboni. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura mienzaniso yakati wandei yematambudziko uye hurukuro dzawo dzine chekuita nekupatsanurwa kwemahydrocarboni.
1. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Aliphatic hydrocarbons ihydrocarbons dzisina benzene rings kana mamwe maring anonhuhwirira. Aliphatic hydrocarbons pachayo inogona kukamurwa kuita mhando nhatu:
a. Alkan
MaAlkanes mahydrocarbon akazara ane zvisungo zvega pakati pemaatomu ekabhoni. Fomura yakajairika yemaalkanes iCnH2n+2.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 1:
Nyora fomura yemakemikari nezita realkane ine maatomu mashanu ekabhoni.
Kukurukurirana:
Kune alkane ine maatomu mashanu ekabhoni (n=5), fomura yemakemikari ndeye C5H12. Uchishandisa mitemo yemazita eIUPAC, chinhu ichi chinonzi Pentane.
b. Alken
MaAlkenes mahydrocarbon asina kuguta ane chisungo chimwe kana kupfuura (C=C) pakati pemaatomu ekabhoni. Fomura yavo yakajairika iCnH2n.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 2:
Nyora fomura yemakemikari nezita realkene ine maatomu matatu ekabhoni.
Kukurukurirana:
Kune alkene ine maatomu matatu ekabhoni (n=3), fomura yemakemikari ndeye C3H6. Iyi compound inozivikanwa sepropene.
c. MaAlkynes
MaAlkynes mahydrocarbon asina kuguta ane chisungo chimwe kana kupfuura chetatu (C≡C) pakati pemaatomu ekabhoni. Fomura yavo yakajairika ndeye CnH2n-2.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 3:
Nyora fomura yemakemikari nezita realkyne ine maatomu mana ekabhoni.
Kukurukurirana:
Kune alkyne ine maatomu mana ekabhoni (n=4), fomura yemakemikari ndeye C4H6. Iyi compound inozivikanwa seButyne.
2. Mahydrocarbon Anonhuhwirira
Mahydrocarbon anonhuhwirira mahydrocarbon ane mhete imwe kana kupfuura dzebenzene muchimiro chadzo. Benzene chinhu chakakosha zvikuru mumakemikari eorganic uye ine fomura yemakemikari C6H6.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 4:
Tsanangura kuti sei benzene iri muchikamu chearomatic hydrocarbon uye ipa mimwe mienzaniso.
Kukurukurirana:
Benzene inorongwa se hydrocarbon inonhuhwirira nekuti ine chimiro che ring chakareruka uye chakasimba, ine π bonds dzakapararira zvakaenzana kutenderedza ring yekabhoni. Izvi zvinopa benzene kugadzikana kukuru kupfuura aliphatic hydrocarbons. Mienzaniso ye aromatic hydrocarbons kunze kwebenzene inosanganisira toluene (methylbenzene), xylene (dimethylbenzene), uye naphthalene (mhete mbiri dzebenzene dzakabatana).
3. MaIsomer nemaStereoisomers
MaIsomer zvinhu zvine fomura imwe chete yemamorekuru asi maumbirwo akasiyana. MaStereoisomers rudzi rweisomer umo maatomu ari mumorekuru akarongwa nenzira imwe chete asi akasiyana mukutarisa kwemativi matatu.
a. MaIsomers eMuumbi
MaIsomer echimiro maisomer akasiyana munzira iyo maatomu awo akarongwa mucheni kana mhete dzekabhoni.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 5:
Ipa ma isomers maviri echimiro cheC4H10.
Kukurukurirana:
Ma isomers maviri eC4H10 ndeaya:
1. n-Butane (cheni yakatwasuka): CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
2. Isobutane (cheni ine matavi): (CH3)2CH-CH3
b. MaStereoisomers eGeometric
Geometric stereoisomerism (cis-trans isomerism) inoitika muma alkenes kana kuti makemikari ane ma bond maviri asingatenderere zvakasununguka.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 6:
Ipa muenzaniso we geometric stereoisomer ye 2-butene.
Kukurukurirana:
Kune 2-butene (C4H8), kune stereoisomers mbiri:
1. cis-2-butene, uko maatomu maviri ehydrogen ari kudivi rimwe chete rebond mbiri.
2. trans-2-butene, uko maatomu maviri ehydrogen ari kumativi akasiyana echisungo chakapetwa kaviri.
4. MaCyclo-Hydrocarbon
Ma cyclo-hydrocarbons mahydrocarbons anoumba chimiro chemhete isina mamwe ma bond maviri kunze kweaya anodiwa kuti agadzire mhete.
a. Cycloalkane
MaCycloalkanes mahydrocarbon akaguta ane fomura yeCnH2n.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 7:
Nyora fomura yemakemikari nezita recycloalkane ine maatomu matanhatu ekabhoni.
Kukurukurirana:
Pa cycloalkane ine maatomu matanhatu ekabhoni (n=6), fomura yemakemikari iC6H12. Iyi compound inozivikanwa se cyclohexane.
b. MaCycloalkenes
Macycloalkenes mahydrocarbon asina kuzara ane mabhondi maviri murin'i.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 8:
Nyora fomura yemakemikari uye zita recycloalkene ine maatomu mashanu ekabhoni.
Kukurukurirana:
Pa cycloalkene ine maatomu mashanu ekabhoni (n=5), fomura yemakemikari iC5H8. Iyi compound inozivikanwa se cyclopentene.
Mhedziso
Kunzwisisa kupatsanurwa kwemahydrocarbon uye mhando dzakasiyana dzemaisomers kwakakosha pakugadzira kemikari yeorganic. Mahydrocarbon anogona kuiswa mumapoka akaita sealiphatic hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes) uye aromatic hydrocarbons. Uyezve, pfungwa yeisomerism, yechimiro uye stereoisomerism, yakakosha pakunzwisisa makemikari akasiyana-siyana eorganic. Nekushandisa mienzaniso nehurukuro dzakapihwa, zvinotarisirwa kuti kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwezvinhu izvi kuchabuda.
Nekunzwisisa kwakanaka kwekupatsanurwa uye hunhu hwemhando yega yega yehydrocarbon, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani mashandisirwo uye maitiro emakemikari ane chekuita nemakemikari aya muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye muindasitiri yemakemikari.
