Mienzaniso yeMibvunzo Inotsanangura Kuenzana Kwemakemikari
Kuenzana kwemakemikari ipfungwa inokosha mukemistri inotsanangura mamiriro apo mwero wekuita kwemberi nekudzoka mukuita kwemakemikari wakaenzana. Pasi pemamiriro aya, kuwanda kwezvinoitwa nemakemikari nezvigadzirwa zvinoramba zvakafanana. Chinyorwa chino chichapa mienzaniso yakati wandei yezvinetso nemhinduro dzazvo kuti zvibatsire kunzwisisa pfungwa yekuenzanisa kwemakemikari.
Pfungwa Dzekutanga dzeKuenzana Kwemakemikari
Kuenzana kwemakemikari kunoitika kana maitiro emakemikari achigona kuenderera mberi nenzira inodzokera shure kana munzira dzose dziri mbiri. Maitiro anodzoserwa anogona kuratidzwa seizvi:
\[ \text{aA} + \text{bB} \rightleftharpoons \text{cC} + \text{dD} \]
Di mana:
- A naB zvinhu zvinokonzeresa ma "reactants",
- C naD zvigadzirwa,
– a, b, c, uye d ndiwo ma stoichiometric coefficients echinhu chimwe nechimwe.
Kana kuenzana kwasvika, chiyero chemhinduro yekumberi (kugadzira zvigadzirwa) chakaenzana nechiyero chemhinduro yekumashure (kugadzira zvinogadzirisa). Panguva ino, kunyangwe mhinduro ichiramba ichienderera mberi, huwandu hwezvinhu zvese hunoramba husina kuchinja.
Kuenzana Kunogara (K)
Chimiro che equilibrium \(K_c\) che reaction iri pamusoro chinogona kuratidzwa seizvi:
\[ K_c = \frac{{[\text{C}]^c [\text{D}]^d}}{{[\text{A}]^a [\text{B}]^b}} \]
Apo [X] iri huwandu hwemolar hwechinhu X. Pakushandisa kumanikidzwa kwechikamu mu equilibrium yegesi, equilibrium constant inoratidzwa se \(K_p\).
Mibvunzo yeMienzaniso yeKuenzana kweMakemikari
Mubvunzo 1: Maitiro Akaita Neruzivo rweKuisa Pfungwa Pamwe Chete
Huwandu hwe mole imwe yeN₂ nema mole matatu eH₂ hunoiswa mumudziyo we 1-litre pane imwe tembiricha. Mhinduro yacho inoitika seinotevera:
\[ \text{N}_2(g) + 3\text{H}_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2\text{NH}_3(g) \]
Mushure mekunge equilibrium yasvika, 0,8 mol yeN₂ inowanikwa. Verenga equilibrium constant \(K_c\).
Kukurukurirana:
1. Sarudza shanduko mukutarisa:
Pakutanga, nhamba yemamota ndeiyi:
– \([\text{N}_2]_{initial} = 1 \, \text{mol/L}\]
– \([\text{H}_2]_{initial} = 3 \, \text{mol/L}\]
– \([\text{NH}_3]_{initial} = 0 \, \text{mol/L}\]
Pakuenzana, nhamba yemamoles:
– \([\chinyorwa{N}_2] = 0,8 \, \chinyorwa{mol/L}\]
Shanduko muN₂ = 1 – 0,8 = 0,2 mol/L
2. Stoichiometry yekuchinja:
\[
\text{N}_2(g) + 3\text{H}_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2\text{NH}_3(g)
\]
Saka, shanduko dzeH₂ neNH₃:
– \([\text{H}_2] = 3 \cdot 0,2 = 0,6 \, \text{mol/L}\]
– \([\text{NH}_3] = 2 \cdot 0,2 = 0,4 \, \text{mol/L}\]
Kuenzana kwemamorekuru:
– \([\text{H}_2] = 3 – 0,6 = 2,4 \, \text{mol/L}\]
– \([\text{NH}_3] = 0 + 0,4 = 0,4 \, \text{mol/L}\]
3. Verenga \(K_c\):
\[
K_c = \frac{[\text{NH}_3]^2}{[\text{N}_2][\text{H}_2]^3}
\]
Tsiva tsika:
– \([\text{NH}_3] = 0,4 \, \text{mol/L}\]
– \([\chinyorwa{N}_2] = 0,8 \, \chinyorwa{mol/L}\]
– \([\text{H}_2] = 2,4 \, \text{mol/L}\]
\[
K_c = \frac{(0,4)^2}{(0,8)(2,4)^3}
\]
\[
= \frac{0,16}{0,8 \cdot 13,824}
\]
\[
= \frac{0,16}{11,0592}
\inenge 0,0145
\]
Mubvunzo 2: Mhedzisiro yekuchinja kwekutarisa
Huwandu hweN₂O₄(g) hunoora kuita 2NO₂(g) mumudziyo wakavharwa. Patembiricha yakati, equilibrium constant \(K_c\) iri 0,36. Kana concentration yekutanga yeN₂O₄(g) iri 1,0 M uye pasina NO₂(g) pakutanga, verenga concentration yeNO₂(g) pa equilibrium.
Kukurukurirana:
1. Kushandisa ICE Table:
\[
\begin{align}
\text{Reaction:} & \ \ \text{N}_2\text{O}_4(g) \rightleftharpoons 2\text{NO}_2(g) \\
\text{Pakutanga:} & \ \ [\text{N}_2\text{O}_4]_{0} = 1.0 \, \text{M}, \ [\text{NO}_2]_{0} = 0 \\
\text{Change:} & \ \ [\text{N}_2\text{O}_4]_{eq} = 1.0 – x, \ [\text{NO}_2]_{eq} = 2x \\
\end{align}
\]
2. Kubatana ne \(K_c\):
\[
K_c = \frac{[\text{NO}_2]^2}{[\text{N}_2\text{O}_4]}
= \frac{(2x)^2}{1.0 – x}
= \frac{4x^2}{1 – x}
\]
3. Sarudza x:
\[
K_c = 0,36
\]
Saka, kutsiva:
\[
0,36 = \frac{4x^2}{1 – x}
\]
Kuwanda kwemuchinjikwa:
\[
0,36(1 – x) = 4x^2
\]
\[
0,36 – 0,36x = 4x^2
\]
Fambisa zvese kudivi rimwe chete:
\[
4x^2 + 0,36x – 0,36 = 0
\]
4. Kugadzirisa Quadratic Equations:
Shandisa fomura yequadratic:
\[
x = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 – 4ac}}{2a}
\]
Apo a = 4, b = 0,36 uye c = -0,36:
\[
x = \frac{-0,36 \pm \sqrt{(0,36)^2 – 4(4)(-0,36)}}{2(4)}
\]
\[
x = \frac{-0,36 \pm \sqrt{0,1296 + 5,76}}{8}
\]
\[
x = \frac{-0,36 \pm \sqrt{5,8896}}{8}
\]
Sezvo huwandu hwacho husingakwanise kuva negative, tinosarudza mudzi wakanaka:
\[
x \inenge 0,36
\]
5. Kuwanda kweNO₂:
\[
[\text{NO}_2]_{eq} = 2x = 2 \cdot 0,36 = 0,72 \, \text{M}
\]
Mhedziso
Kunzwisisa kuenzana kwemakemikari kwakakosha pakufanotaura kuti sisitimu yemakemikari ichaita sei mumamiriro ezvinhu akati. Nekudzidzira uye kunzwisisa kwakakwana, tinogona kugadzirisa matambudziko ane chekuita nepfungwa iyi, kutsanangura mamiriro ekupedzisira esisitimu, uye kunzwisisa mashandiro ekuita kwemakemikari musisitimu yakavharwa. Kuziva nekushandisa chinoramba chiripo \(K_c\) kuchaita kuti zvive nyore kufanotaura kuwanda kwemarudzi ese ari musisitimu pakuenzanisa.
