Mienzaniso yeMibvunzo Inotsanangura Kuenzana kweMakemikari Munyika yeMaindasitiri
Kuenzana kwemakemikari ipfungwa inokosha mumakemikari uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muminda yakasiyana-siyana yemaindasitiri. Mukuita kwemakemikari, kuenzana kunoitika kana mwero wekuita kwemberi wakaenzana nemwero wekuita kwekudzoka, kuitira kuti huwandu hwezvinhu zvinogadziriswa nezvigadzirwa hurambe hwakafanana nekufamba kwenguva. Maindasitiri mazhinji, akadai semishonga, petrochemicals, uye kugadzira chikafu, anovimba zvakanyanya nekunzwisisa nekudzora kuenzana kwemakemikari kuti awedzere kugadzirwa uye kushanda zvakanaka. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura mienzaniso yakati wandei yematambudziko ane chekuita nekuenzana kwemakemikari mumamiriro eindasitiri uye maitiro ekuzvigadzirisa.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 1: Indasitiri yeAmmonia (Maitiro eHaber-Bosch)
Mubvunzo:
Maitiro eHaber-Bosch anogadzira ammonia (NH2)3) kubva kunitrogen (N2uye haidrojeni (H2) zvichienderana nemhinduro:
\[ \text{N}_2(g) + 3\text{H}_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2\text{NH}_3(g) \]
Pa500 K, chiyero che equilibrium constant (K c ) che reaction iyi i6.0 x 10^-2. Kana tikatanga ne1.00 mol N 2 uye 3.00 mol H 2 mu reactor ine vhoriyamu ye1.00 L, verenga huwandu hwechikamu chimwe nechimwe pa equilibrium.
Kukurukurirana:
1. Sarudza shanduko muhuwandu hwechinhu chimwe nechimwe chiri muhurongwa.
\[ \text{N}_2(g) + 3\text{H}_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2\text{NH}_3(g) \]
Regai x ive mamota eNH3 iyo inoumbwa panguva yekuenzana, ipapo shanduko muhuwandu hwezvinhu zvinotevera:
- N2: -x mol/L
- H2: -3x mol/L
– NH3: +2x mol/L
2. Ronga equation ye equilibrium zvichibva pane equilibrium constant (K)c):
\[
K_c = \frac{[\text{NH}_3]^2}{[\text{N}_2][\text{H}_2]^3} = 6.0 \kawa 10^{-2}
\]
Kutanga kwekutarisa uye kuchinja kwekutarisa:
– [N]2] = 1.00 – x
– [H]2] = 3.00 – 3x
– [NH]3] = 2x
3. Batanidza izvi zvinokosha mu equation ye equilibrium:
\[
6.0 \kawa 10^{-2} = \frac{(2x)^2}{(1.00 – x)(3.00 – 3x)^3}
\]
4. Verenga kukosha kwa x uchishandisa nzira dzekuedza nekukanganisa kana dzimwe nzira dzekuverenga kuti ugadzirise equation.
Mushure mekuverenga, tinowana x = 0.46. Saka:
– [N]2] = 1.00 – 0.46 = 0.54 mol/L
– [H]2] = 3.00 – 3(0.46) = 1.62 mol/L
– [NH]3] = 2(0.46) = 0.92 mol/L
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 2: Indasitiri yeSulfuric Acid (Maitiro eKubata)
Mubvunzo:
Mukuita kwekubatana, kushandurwa kwesarufa dioxide (SO2)2) mu trioxide yesarufa (SO2)3) kuburikidza nemhinduro:
\[ 2\text{SO}_2(g) + \text{O}_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2\text{SO}_3(g) \]
Chiyero che equilibrium constant (K c ) che reaction iyi pa600 K i350. Kana reactor ine 0.50 mol SO 2 , 0.25 mol O 2 , uye 0.10 mol SO 3 , verenga huwandu hwezvikamu pa equilibrium muvhoriyamu ye2.00 L.
Kukurukurirana:
1. Sarudza huwandu hwekutanga:
– [ZVOZVO2]kutanga = 0.50 mol / 2.00 L = 0.25 M
– [O]2]kutanga = 0.25 mol / 2.00 L = 0.125 M
– [ZVOZVO3]kutanga = 0.10 mol / 2.00 L = 0.05 M
2. Regai x ive shanduko muhuwandu hweSO.3 iyo inoumbwa panguva yekuenzana:
– [ZVOZVO2]: 0.25 – x
– [O]2]: 0.125 – \(\frac{x}{2}\)
– [ZVOZVO3]: 0.05 + x
3. Batanidza mu equation ye equilibrium:
\[
350 = \frac{(0.05 + x)^2}{(0.25 – x)^2 \cdot (0.125 – \frac{x}{2})}
\]
4. Nekugadzirisa equation iyi (uchishandisa nzira yekuverenga nhamba kana kushandisa karukureta inorongwa), zvinowanikwa kuti x = 0.165. Zvadaro:
– [ZVOZVO2] = 0.25 – 0.165 = 0.085 M
– [O]2] = 0.125 – \(\frac{0.165}{2}\) = 0.0425 M
– [ZVOZVO3] = 0.05 + 0.165 = 0.215 M
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 3: Kugadzirwa kweEthylbenzene
Mubvunzo:
Mukugadzirwa kwe ethylbenzene, styrene inogadzirwa nekubviswa kwehydrogen kwe ethylbenzene (C)6H5CH2CH3):
\[ \text{C}_6\text{H}_5\text{CH}_2\text{CH}_3(g) \rightleftharpoons \text{C}_6\text{H}_5\text{CH=CH}_2(g) + \text{H}_2(g) \]
Kana chiyero che equilibrium (K c ) che reaction iyi pa 700 K chiri 2.5, uye pakutanga paine 1.0 mol ye ethylbenzene mu vhoriyamu ye 1.0 L, verenga huwandu hwe equilibrium.
Kukurukurirana:
1. Sarudza huwandu hwekutanga:
– [C]6H5CH2CH3] = 1.0 M
– [C]6H5CH=CH2] = 0 M (nekuti haisati yaora)
– [H]2] = 0 M
2. Regai x ive shanduko mukuwanda kweC6H5CH=CH2 iyo inoumbwa panguva yekuenzana:
– [C]6H5CH2CH3]: 1.0 – x
– [C]6H5CH=CH2]:x
– [H]2]:x
3. Batanidza mu equation ye equilibrium:
\[
2.5 = \frac{x \cdot x}{1.0 – x} = \frac{x^2}{1.0 – x}
\]
4. Nekugadzirisa iyi quadratic equation, zvinowanikwa kuti x = 0.62. Zvadaro:
– [C]6H5CH2CH3] = 1.0 – 0.62 = 0.38 M
– [C]6H5CH=CH2] = 0.62 M
– [H]2] = 0.62 M
Mumienzaniso mitatu iyi, taona kuti pfungwa yekuenzana kwemakemikari inoshandiswa sei mumamiriro akasiyana emaindasitiri. Kuenzana kwemakemikari ipfungwa inokosha uye inokosha mumaindasitiri, sezvo kudzora kwakaringana kwemakemikari kunogona kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwekugadzira uye kunaka kwechigadzirwa. Kunzwisisa kwakakwana kwekuenzanisa kwemakemikari kunogonesa mainjiniya kana nyanzvi yeindasitiri kugadzira nekushandisa maitiro acho zvakanaka.
