Mibvunzo yeMienzaniso neKukurukurirana kweKuenzana muMhinduro
Pendauluan
Kuenzana kwemakemikari ipfungwa huru mukemikari inokosha pakunzwisisa maitiro emakemikari. Kuenzana mumhinduro imamiriro apo maitiro maviri kana anopfuura anopikisa anoitika pamwero mumwe chete, kuitira kuti kuwanda kwezvinogadziriswa nezvigadzirwa zvirambe zvakafanana nekufamba kwenguva. Muchinyorwa chino, tichakurukura mienzaniso yakati wandei yekuenzanisa mumhinduro uye tokurukura zvakadzama. Tinovimba kuti chinyorwa chino chichabatsira kudzikamisa kunzwisisa kwako dzidziso yekuenzanisa kwemakemikari.
Pfungwa Dzekutanga dzeKuenzana Kwemakemikari
Usati wapinda mumuenzaniso wemibvunzo nekukurukurirana, zvakakosha kunzwisisa dzimwe pfungwa huru dzekuenzanisa kwemakemikari:
1. Kuenzana Kwesimba: Mumamiriro ekuenzana, reaction haimire, asi reaction yekumberi uye reaction yekudzokera shure zvinoitika pamwero mumwe chete.
2. Kuenzana Kunofanana (K): Kunoshandiswa kuratidza kuti reaction inosvika papi pakuenzana. Fomura yakajairika ye equilibrium constant ndeiyi:
\[ K = \frac{{[chigadzirwa]}}{[reactant]} \]
3. Mutemo weKushanda Kwezvinhu Zvizhinji: Kuwanda kwechinhu chimwe nechimwe mukuita kwechinhu kunoratidzwa muchimiro che exponential zvichienderana nema coefficients ari mu chemical equation.
Mibvunzo yemuenzaniso nekukurukurirana
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 1
Mubvunzo:
Iyo equilibrium reaction equation inozivikanwa seinotevera:
\[ N_2O_4 (g) \ruboshwe kurudyi 2NO_2 (g) \]
Patembiricha yakati, huwandu hwe equilibrium hwe \( N_2O_4 \) i0.10 M uye \( NO_2 \) i0.20 M. Verenga kukosha kwe equilibrium constant, \( K_c \), ye reaction.
Kukurukurirana:
Equation ye equilibrium constant \( K_c \) ndeiyi:
\[ K_c = \frac{{[NO_2]^2}}{[N_2O_4]} \]
Sanganisa kukosha kwehuwandu mu equation:
\[ K_c = \frac{{(0.20)^2}}{0.10} \]
\[ K_c = \frac{{0.04}}{0.10} = 0.40 \]
Saka, kukosha kwe \( K_c \) kwemhinduro ndeye 0.40.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 2
Mubvunzo:
Mumudziyo wakavharwa, gasi re \( PCl_5 \) rinoora kuita \( PCl_3 \) uye \( Cl_2 \) zvichienderana ne equation:
\[ PCl_5 (g) \leftrightarrow PCl_3 (g) + Cl_2 (g) \]
Kana chiyero che equilibrium, \( K_c \), patembiricha yakati iri 0.200 uye pa equilibrium chiyero che \( PCl_5 \) chiri 1.00 M, verenga chiyero che \( PCl_3 \) uye \( Cl_2 \) pa equilibrium.
Kukurukurirana:
Ngatitii huwandu hwe \( PCl_3 \) uye \( Cl_2 \) pa equilibrium huri x M. Zvichibva pa reaction equation, huwandu hwe \( PCl_5 \) hunoderera ne x M zvakare.
Saka, equation ye equilibrium inogona kunyorwa seizvi:
\[ K_c = \frac{{[PCl_3][Cl_2]}}{[PCl_5]} \]
Tsiva kukosha kwe \( K_c \) uye huwandu hwe \( PCl_5 \):
\[ 0.200 = \frac{{x^2}}{(1.00 – x)} \]
Kugadzirisa maequations equadratic:
\[ 0.200 = \frac{{x^2}}{(1.00 – x)} \]
\[ 0.200 (1.00 – x) = x^2 \]
\[ 0.200 – 0.200x = x^2 \]
\[ x^2 + 0.200x – 0.200 = 0 \]
Mhinduro yeiyi quadratic equation ndeye x = 0.332 kana x = -0.532 (mhinduro isina kunaka haina basa, sezvo kutarisisa hakugone kuva negative).
Saka, huwandu hwe \( PCl_3 \) uye \( Cl_2 \) pakuenzana kwe equilibrium i0.332 M.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 3
Mubvunzo:
Mumhinduro, maion ehydroxide (\( OH^- \)) anogona kuita nemaion eammonium (\( NH_4^+ \)) kuti agadzire mvura (\( H_2O \)) uye ammonia (\( NH_3 \)). Equation ye reaction ndeiyi:
\[ NH_4^+ (aq) + OH^- (aq) \leftrightarrow H_2O (l) + NH_3 (aq) \]
Kana chiyero che equilibrium (\( K_c \)) chakaiswa pa 1.8 x 10^5 patembiricha yakati, uye chiyero chekutanga che \( NH_4^+ \) uye \( OH^- \) chiri 0.10 M uye 0.15 M, zvichiteerana, verenga chiyero che \( NH_3 \) kana chiyero chasvika.
Kukurukurirana:
Nyora equation yekuenzana:
\[ K_c = \frac{{[NH_3]}}{[NH_4^+][OH^-]} \]
Ngatitii x iri huwandu hwe \( NH_3 \) hunoumbwa panguva yekuenzana, ipapo huwandu hwe \( NH_4^+ \) uye \( OH^- \) hunoderera ne x yega yega.
\[ K_c = \frac{{x}}{(0.10 – x)(0.15 – x)} \]
Tsiva kukosha kwe \( K_c \):
\[ 1.8 \kawa 10^5 = \frac{{x}}{(0.10 – x)(0.15 – x)} \]
Ngatitii x idiki zvikuru kana tichienzanisa ne 0.10 ne 0.15 zvekuti \( 0.10 – x \approx 0.10 \) uye \( 0.15 – x \approx 0.15 \):
\[ 1.8 \kawa 10^5 = \frac{{x}}{(0.10)(0.15)} \]
\[ x = 1.8 \kawa 10^5 \kawa (0.10) \kawa (0.15) \]
\[x = 2.7 \]
Saka, huwandu hwe \(NH_3 \) pakuenzana hunofungidzirwa kuva 2.7 M.
Mhedziso
Kubva muhurukuro iri pamusoro apa, zvinogona kugumiswa kuti kunzwisisa pfungwa yekuenzana kwemakemikari kwakakosha pakugadzirisa matambudziko akasiyana-siyana ane chekuita nekuenzana mumhinduro. Tichishandisa mutemo wekuita kwehuwandu uye kuenzana kwekuenzanisa, tinogona kuverenga huwandu hwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana mukuita kana kuenzana kwasvika. Chinyorwa chino chinongobata mienzaniso mishoma chete. Mukuita, kuverenga kwemakemikari kunogona kuoma zvakanyanya, kunosanganisira zvinhu zvakaita sekupisa, kumanikidzwa, uye basa reion mumhinduro.
