Muenzaniso weMibvunzo yeKukurukurirana yeCalorimetry
Mufizikisi, calorimetry ibazi resainzi rinoongorora kuyerwa kwekupisa mukuita kwemakemikari kana shanduko dzemuviri. Chishandiso chinoshandiswa kuyera huwandu hwekupisa chinonzi calorimeter. Calorimetry inoita basa rakakosha, kunyanya mu thermodynamics uye physical chemistry, uko shanduko musimba rekupisa dzinoonekwa uye dzinoyerwa.
Nheyo dzeCalorimetry
Nheyo huru ye calorimetry yakavakirwa pamutemo wekuchengetedza simba, kureva kuti simba harigone kugadzirwa kana kuparadzwa, asi rinogona kungoshandurwa kubva kune imwe mhando yesimba kuenda kune imwe. Muchirevo che calorimetry, simba rekupisa rinorasika nehurongwa rinofanira kuenzana nesimba rekupisa rinotorwa nenharaunda. Chishandiso chikuru mukuyedza calorimetry chinowanzova calorimeter, iyo inogona kuva calorimeter yakapusa, kureva calorimeter yemvura, kana calorimeter yakaoma, senge calorimeter yebhomba.
Mafomula Ekutanga eCalorimetry
Fomura yekutanga mu calorimetry ndeiyi:
\[ Q = m \cdot c \cdot \Delta T \]
di mana:
– \( Q \) huwandu hwekupisa (mumajoules kana macalorie)
– \( m \) huremu hwechinhu ichi (mumagiramu kana makirogiramu)
– \( c \) ndiko kupisa kwechinhu (mu J/(g°C) kana cal/(g°C))
– \( \Delta T \) ndiko kuchinja kwetembiricha (mu °C)
Ngatitarisei mimwe mienzaniso yemibvunzo nehurukuro kuti tinzwisise zviri nani pfungwa nekushandiswa kwe calorimetry.
Mibvunzo yemuenzaniso nekukurukurirana 1
Mubvunzo:
Chidimbu chesimbi chine magiramu mazana maviri chinodziiswa kusvika pa100°C uye chobva chanyikwa mumagiramu zana emvura pa20°C. Tembiricha yekupedzisira yemusanganiswa i27°C. Sarudza kupisa kwesimbi! (kupisa kwemvura = 4,18 J/(g°C))
Kukurukurirana:
Danho rekutanga nderekuverenga kupisa kunonyudzwa nemvura. Uchishandisa fomura yekutanga:
\[ Q_{\text{air}} = m_{\text{air}} \cdot c_{\text{air}} \cdot \Delta T_{\text{air}} \]
Ne \( m_{\text{air}} = 100 \) magiramu, \( c_{\text{air}} = 4.18 \) J/(g°C), uye \( \Delta T_{\text{air}} = 27°C – 20°C = 7°C \),
\[ Q_{\text{air}} = 100 \times 4.18 \times 7 = 2926 \text{J} \]
Kupisa kunoburitswa nesimbi kwakafanana nekupisa kunotorwa nemvura, saka:
\[ Q_{\text{metal}} = 2926 \text{J} \]
Kushandisa fomura yekupisa:
\[ m_{\text{metal}} \cdot c_{\text{metal}} \cdot \Delta T_{\text{metal}} = Q_{\text{metal}} \]
ne \( m_{\text{metal}} = 200 \) magiramu, \(\Delta T_{\text{metal}} = 100°C – 27°C = 73°C \),
\[ 200 \cdot c_{\text{metal}} \cdot 73 = 2926 \text{ J} \]
\[ c_{\text{metal}} = \frac{2926}{200 \kawa 73} \]
\[ c_{\text{metal}} = 0.2 \text{ J/(g°C)} \]
Saka, kupisa kwesimbi chaiyo ndeye 0.2 J/(g°C).
Mibvunzo yemuenzaniso nekukurukurirana 2
Mubvunzo:
Chivharo chechando chine huremu hwe50 g patembiricha ye0°C chinoiswa mu200 g yemvura patembiricha ye30°C mu calorimeter. Sarudza tembiricha yekupedzisira yemusanganiswa mushure mekusvika pakuenzana kwekupisa! (kupisa kwekubatana kwechando = 334 J/g, kupisa kwemvura chaiyo = 4,18 J/g°C)
Kukurukurirana:
Danho rekutanga nderekuverenga kupisa kunodiwa kuti chando chinyunguduke:
\[ Q_{\text{melt}} = m_{\text{es}} \cdot L \]
ne \( m_{\text{es}} = 50 \) magiramu uye \( L = 334 \) J/g,
\[ Q_{\text{melting}} = 50 \kawa 334 = 16700 \text{J} \]
Tevere, tsvaga kupisa kunonyungudika nechando mushure mekunyunguduka kusvika pakupisa kwekupedzisira \( T \) (tichifunga kuti T ndiyo tembiricha yekupedzisira yemusanganiswa):
\[ Q_{\text{ice water}} = m_{\text{es}} \cdot c_{\text{air}} \cdot (T – 0°C) \]
ne \( c_{\text{air}} = 4.18 \text{ J/g°C} \),
\[ Q_{\text{water ice}} = 50 \times 4.18 \times T \]
Kupisa kunoburitswa nemvura inotonhora (kubva pa30°C kusvika paT):
\[ Q_{\text{air}} = m_{\text{air}} \cdot c_{\text{air}} \cdot (30°C – T) \]
ne \( m_{\text{air}} = 200 \) magiramu,
\[ Q_{\text{air}} = 200 \kawa 4.18 \kawa (30 - T) \]
Pakuenzana kwekupisa, huwandu hwekupisa hunotorwa nechando (kunyunguduka nekupisa kusvika kuT) huchaenzana nehuwandu hwekupisa kunoburitswa nemvura:
\[ Q_{\text{melt}} + Q_{\text{ice water}} = Q_{\text{water}} \]
\[ 16700 + 50 \kawa 4.18 \kawa T = 200 \kawa 4.18 \kawa (30 - T) \]
\[ 16700 + 209T = 8360 \nguva (30 - T) \]
\[ 16700 + 209T = 250800 – 8360T \]
\[ 8569T = 234100 \]
\[ T = \frac{234100}{8569} \inenge 27.3°C \]
Saka, tembiricha yekupedzisira yemusanganiswa mushure mekusvika pakuenzana kwekupisa inenge iri 27.3°C.
Mhedziso
Calorimetry inzira inokosha mufizikisi nekemikari inoshandiswa kuona huwandu hwesimba rekupisa mukuita kwemuviri kana kemikari. Tichishandisa misimboti yekutanga uye mafomura e calorimetry, tinogona kuverenga maparamita akasiyana-siyana akadai sekupisa kwechinhu, shanduko yekupisa, kana simba rinonyudzwa/kuburitswa mukuita. Muchinyorwa chino, takatarisa mienzaniso yematambudziko nemhinduro dzawo mukunzwisisa calorimetry. Kunzwisisa kwakanaka kwepfungwa idzi kwakakosha pakugadzirisa matambudziko akasiyana-siyana ethermodynamic uye mamwe mashandisirwo anoshanda.
