Mienzaniso yeMibvunzo Inokurukura Mhando dzeChromosomes
Machromosome maumbirwo akakora anowanikwa mukati memasero eukaryotic, ayo anochengeta nekuronga DNA yezvinhu zvemajini. Machromosome anoita basa rakakosha mukupatsanurwa kwemasero uye kutapurirana kwehunhu kubva kuchizvarwa chimwe kuenda kune chinotevera. Muchinyorwa chino, tichakurukura mhando dzemachromosome, pamwe chete nematambudziko akati wandei nehurukuro kuti tinzwisise nyaya iyi zvakadzama.
Mhando dzeChromosomes
1. Machromosome Autosomes nemaGenosomes
– MaAutosome: Aya machromosome asingabatanidzwi mukuona bonde. Vanhu vane maautosome makumi maviri nemaviri.
– Machromosome eGenosome (Machromosome eBonde): Machromosome anosarudza bonde remunhu. Muvanhu, machromosome aya anoumbwa nepeya imwe chete, kureva XX yevakadzi uye XY yevarume.
2. Machromosome akafanana
– Machromosome akafanana iviri remachromosomes ari muchikamu chimwe chete chechromosome, ane magene akafanana uye ari panzvimbo imwe chete, asi anogona kunge aine kusiyana kwakasiyana kwe allelic. Muvanhu, kune mapuromosi makumi maviri nematatu echromosome akafanana.
3. Machromosome Akavakirwa Pachinzvimbo cheCentromere
– Metacentric: Machromosome ane centromere pakati, zvekuti maoko echromosome akaenzana.
– Submetacentric: Machromosome ane centromere iri pamusoro kana pasi pepakati, zvichikonzera maoko akasiyana zvishoma pakureba.
– Acrocentric: Machromosome ane centromere iri pedyo nemugumo mumwe chete, zvekuti ruoko rumwe rwechromosome rupfupi zvikuru.
– Telocentric: Machromosome ane centromeres kumagumo, zvekuti machromosomes ese ane ruoko rumwe chete.
Kukurukurirana kweMienzaniso yeMibvunzo
Heano mimwe mienzaniso yemibvunzo ine chekuita nemarudzi emachromosomes, pamwe nehurukuro.
Mubvunzo 1
Mubvunzo: Taura uye tsanangura musiyano uripo pakati pema autosome nema genosome uye ipa mienzaniso muvanhu.
Kukurukurirana:
Ma-autosome machromosome asingashande pakusarudza bonde. Muvanhu, mune ma-autosome makumi maviri nemaviri. Mienzaniso yacho ichromosome 1, chromosome 2, uye chromosome 22.
Kune rumwe rutivi, ma genosome, kana kuti ma chromosome ebonde, ndiwo ma chromosome anosarudza bonde remunhu. Vanhu vane mhando mbiri dzema genosome: X chromosome neY chromosome. Kana ma genosome maviri ari XX, munhu wacho mukadzi, nepo kana vaviri vacho vari XY, munhu wacho murume.
Mubvunzo 2
Mubvunzo: Tsanangura musiyano uripo pakati pemakromosomu akapararira uye akapararira, pamwe chete nemufananidzo uri nyore.
Kukurukurirana:
Machromosome ane metacentric ane centromere iri pakati, zvichikonzera maoko maviri echromosome akaenzana. Muenzaniso unogona kuratidzwa seizvi:
``
Metacentric: (O—O)
``
Machromosome ane centromere yawo iri pedyo nemugumo mumwe, zvichiita kuti ruoko rumwe rwechromosome rurebe kupfuura rumwe. Dhayagiramu iri nyore ndeiyi:
``
Kutarisa nepakati pemusoro: (O—)
``
Mubvunzo 3
Mubvunzo: Ndeipi basa rema chromosomes akafanana mukuita kwe meiosis?
Kukurukurirana:
Mu meiosis, ma homologous chromosome pairs anoita basa rakakosha mukupatsanurwa kwemajini. Munguva ye meiosis I, ma homologous chromosomes anofamba kuenda kumasero akasiyana emwanasikana, kuitira kuti sero rega rega remwanasikana rigamuchire chromosome imwe kubva kune rimwe nerimwe. Maitiro aya akakosha pakuchengetedza nhamba ye chromosome isingachinji muzvipenyu zve diploid uye anobvumira genetic recombination kuburikidza nekuyambuka, zvichikonzera kusiyana kwemajini.
Mubvunzo 4
Mubvunzo: Ndeipi mhedzisiro yekusabatana kwemachromosome ebonde panguva ye meiosis? Ipa muenzaniso mumwe chete.
Kukurukurirana:
Kusabatana kwemachromosome ebonde panguva ye meiosis kunogona kukonzera shanduko muhuwandu hwemachromosomes muma gametes anobuda, zvichikonzera aneuploidy muvana. Muenzaniso wechirwere chinokonzerwa nekusabatana kwemachromosome ebonde iTurner syndrome, umo vakadzi vane X chromosome imwe chete (45, X). Vanhu vane Turner syndrome vanogona kusangana nematambudziko ekukura nekukura uye kusabereka.
Mubvunzo 5
Mubvunzo: Sei zvichikosha kudzidza chimiro chemakromosomu mumamiriro ezvinhu ezvirwere zvemajini?
Kukurukurirana:
Kunzwisisa chimiro chemakromosomu kwakakosha kana tichitarisa zvirwere zvemajini nekuti matambudziko mazhinji emajini ane chekuita nekuchinja kwemajini kana shanduko mumaumbirwo kana huwandu hwemakromosomu. Semuenzaniso, Down syndrome, iyo inokonzerwa netrisomy yechromosome 21, kana mamwe magomarara anokonzerwa nekuchinja kwemakromosomu. Nekudzidza chimiro chemakromosomu, vaongorori nevanachiremba vanogona kuongorora mamwe mamiriro emajini, kupa mazano emajini, uye kugadzira nzira dzekurapa nekudzivirira.
Mhedziso
Kunzwisisa mhando dzemachromosome, mabasa awo, uye maumbirwo awo inheyo yakakosha mubiology yemazuva ano, kunyanya mukudzidza nezvemagene uye kurapwa kwezvirwere. Machromosome anoita basa guru mukudzora kupararira kwezvinhu zvemagene kubva kumasero kuenda kumasero uye kubva kuchizvarwa chimwe kuenda kune chinotevera. Kuburikidza nekudzidza kwakadzama uye kunzwisisa machromosome, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani maitiro akaomarara ebhayoloji uye kukanganisa kwawo hutano hwevanhu. Mibvunzo iri pamusoro apa inopa ruzivo rwekutanga runogona kushandiswa kudzika zvakadzama mune zvikamu zvemagene uye mashandisirwo awo anoshanda.
Chinyorwa chino chinotarisirwa kubatsira kusimbisa pfungwa huru dzine chekuita nemachromosome kuitira kuti vaverengi vanzwisise zviri nani chimiro nemashandiro awo pamwe nezvaanoreva mubiology nemukurapa.
