Muenzaniso weMibvunzo yeKukurukurirana yeInfrared
Pendauluan
Infrared imhando yemafungu emagetsi ane urefu hwewavelength hwakareba kupfuura chiedza chinoonekwa asi hupfupi pane mafungu eredhiyo. Mafungu einfrared ane mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana, kubva patekinoroji nemishonga kusvika pakutaurirana nekuchengetedza. Muchinyorwa chino, tichakurukura mienzaniso yakati wandei yezvinetso zvine chekuita neinfrared netsananguro dzadzo kuti tinzwisise zvakadzama pfungwa iyi.
Dzidziso yeInfrared Basic
Infrared ine urefu hwemafungu hunotangira pa700 nanometers (nm) kusvika pa1 millimeter (mm). Urefu hwemafungu uhwu hwakawanikwa naWilliam Herschel muna 1800 paaiita ongororo yekuyera tembiricha yemavara akasiyana-siyana muchiedza. Akawana kuti nzvimbo dziri kunze kwered spectrum, dzisingaonekwe neziso remunhu, dzaive netembiricha yakakwira.
Infrared yakakamurwa muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvichienderana nehukuru hwayo:
1. Near-Infrared (NIR): 700 nm – 1.4 µm
2. Mutsetse wepakati (Mutsetse wepakati, MIR): 1.4 µm – 3 µm
3. Far-Infrared (FIR): 3 µm – 1 mm
Zvishandiso zvakaita semakamera e infrared kana thermography, remote controls, uye fiber-optic communications zvinoshandisa tekinoroji ye infrared pazvinangwa zvakasiyana-siyana. Chiedza che infrared chinogonawo kushandiswa kuongorora kuumbwa kwezvinhu kuburikidza ne infrared spectroscopy.
Mibvunzo yemuenzaniso nekukurukurirana
Mubvunzo 1
Mubvunzo:
Remote yeTV inoshandisa infrared kutumira masaini kuTV. Kana urefu hwewavelength yeinfrared inoshandiswa huri 950 nm uye kumhanya kwechiedza kuri \(3 \times 10^8 \) m/s, frequency yewave yeinfrared chii?
Kukurukurirana:
Kuwanda kwemafungu emagetsi kunogona kuverengerwa uchishandisa fomura yekutanga yehukama huripo pakati pewavelength (\(\lambda\)) uye frequency (f):
\[ f = \frac{c}{\lambda} \]
ne:
– \( f \) = frequency (Hz)
– \( c \) = kumhanya kwechiedza (\(3 \kawa 10^8 \) m/s)
– \( \lambda \) = kureba kwehurefu (m)
Mumubvunzo uyu, kureba kwewavelength (\(\lambda\)) kunopiwa mu nanometers (nm), saka kushandurwa kuita mamita (m) kunodiwa:
\[ 950 \, nm = 950 \kawanziridzwa 10^{-9} \, m \]
Zvino tinotsiva tsika idzi mufomura:
\[ f = \frac{3 \times 10^8 \, m/s}{950 \times 10^{-9} \, m} = 3.16 \times 10^{14} Hz \]
Saka, frequency ye infrared wave ndeye \(3.16 \times 10^{14} \) Hz.
Mubvunzo 2
Mubvunzo:
Kamera ye infrared inoshandiswa kuona kupisa kwemwaranzi kubva kuchinhu. Kamera ine chinhu chinoona marefu emwaranzi ari pakati pe 8 micrometers (µm) ne 14 µm. Ndeipi frequency yemwaranzi inogona kuonekwa nekamera?
Kukurukurirana:
Kuti tiverenge mafrequency epamusoro neashoma, tinoshandisa fomura imwecheteyo seyakabvunzwa mubvunzo wapfuura:
\[ f = \frac{c}{\lambda} \]
Kutanga, shandura urefu hwemafungu kubva pama micrometer (µm) kuenda kuma metres (m):
\[ 8 \, µm = 8 \kawanzika 10^{-6} \, m \]
\[ 14 \, µm = 14 \kawanzika 10^{-6} \, m \]
Zvino verengai frequency yepamusoro (\( f_{max} \)) uye frequency shoma (\( f_{min} \)):
\[ f_{max} = \frac{3 \times 10^8 \, m/s}{8 \times 10^{-6} \, m} = 3.75 \times 10^{13} Hz \]
\[ f_{min} = \frac{3 \times 10^8 \, m/s}{14 \times 10^{-6} \, m} = 2.14 \times 10^{13} Hz \]
Saka, huwandu hwemafrequency hunogona kuonekwa nekamera ye infrared ndi \(2.14 \times 10^{13} \) Hz kusvika \(3.75 \times 10^{13} \) Hz.
Mubvunzo 3
Mubvunzo:
Chinhu chinoburitsa mwaranzi ye infrared ine simba guru pahurefu hwe 10 µm. Zvichibva pamutemo weWien we displacement, tsvaga tembiricha yechinhu chacho. Shandisa Wien's constant (\(b\)) ye \(2.898 \times 10^{-3} \, m \cdot K\).
Kukurukurirana:
Mutemo weWien wekuti kutama kwemhepo kunoreva kuti chigadzirwa chewavelength apo simba guru remwaranzi rinoitika (\(\lambda_{max}\)) uye tembiricha yakakwana (T) yechinhu chacho chinogara chiripo:
\[ \lambda_{max} \cdot T = b \]
ne:
– \(\lambda_{max}\) = kureba kwehurefu hwehukuru hwakanyanya (m)
– T = tembiricha yechinhu (K)
– \(b\) = Wien's constant (\(2.898 \times 10^{-3} \, m \cdot K\))
Zvinozivikanwa kuti \(\lambda_{max}\) i10 µm, iyo inoda kushandurwa kuita mamita:
\[ 10 \, µm = 10 \kawanzika 10^{-6} \, m \]
Zvino chinja maitiro aya mufomura:
\[ 10 \kawa 10^{-6} \, m \cdot T = 2.898 \kawa 10^{-3} \, m \cdot K \]
Mhinduro yeT ndeiyi:
\[ T = \frac{2.898 \times 10^{-3} \, m \cdot K}{10 \times 10^{-6} \, m} = 289.8 \, K \]
Saka, tembiricha yechinhu chacho i289.8 K.
Mubvunzo 4
Mubvunzo:
Unoona infrared spectrum ye organic chemical compound wobva wawana absorbance peak pa 3 µm. Kana waishandisa infrared spectroscopy, rudzii rwe chemical bond rungave rwuri kukonzera peak iyi?
Kukurukurirana:
Kuona ma "infrared spectroscopy" kunoshandisa chokwadi chekuti ma "chemical molecules" anotora ma "infrared waves" pa "specific wavelengths" anoenderana ne "internal vibrational frequency" yema "molecules". Ma "specific infrared wavelengths" anogona kusanganiswa nemhando dzakasiyana dze "chemical bonds":
– CH bonds mumakemikari eorganic dzinowanzo tora mafungu pahurefu hwemafungu anenge 3 µm.
– Ma OH bonds ari mu alcohols ne carboxylic acids anowanzo tora 2.7-3.5 µm.
– NH bonds muamines dzinowanzo tora 3.1-3.3 µm.
Kubva paruzivo rwakapihwa, huwandu hwemvura inonyudzwa pa3 µm hunowanzo kukonzerwa nekudengenyeka kweCH.
Saka, pamwe chinoita kuti absorbance peak isvike pa3 µm i CH bond iri mu organic chemical compound.
Mhedziso
Muchinyorwa chino, takurukura nezvematambudziko akati wandei nehurukuro dzine chekuita nemafungu einfrared. Kuburikidza nemienzaniso iyi, tinogona kunzwisisa zvakanyanya pfungwa dzema frequency, wavelength, uye tembiricha maererano nemwaranzi yeinfrared, pamwe nekushandiswa kwayo mu spectroscopy. Infrared chikamu chakakosha che electromagnetic spectrum uye ine mashandisirwo akawanda muminda yakasiyana-siyana, saka kuidzidza kunogona kupa ruzivo runobatsira nezvezviitiko zvechisikigo uye tekinoroji.
