Mibvunzo yeMienzaniso neKukurukurirana kweZvisungo zveIntermolecular
Kubatana pakati pemamorekuru inyaya inokosha mukemikari, kunyanya pakunzwisisa hunhu hwemuviri nehwemakemikari hwezvinhu. Kubatana pakati pemamorekuru kunosanganisira masimba ekupararira kweLondon, masimba edipole-dipole, uye mabhondi ehydrogen. Kunzwisisa kwakakwana kwemhando imwe neimwe yemabhondi aya uye kuti anodyidzana sei kwakakosha pakufanotaura maitiro ezvinhu mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura mienzaniso yakati wandei yezvinetso uye mhinduro dzazvo kuti zvibatsire kujekesa pfungwa iyi.
1. London Style (Masimba Ekupararira)
Mauto eLondon ndiwo asina simba zvakanyanya emauto evan der Waals. Anobva pakubatana pakati pema dipoles enguva pfupi anoumbwa kana kugoverwa kwemaerekitironi mugore remaerekitironi remorekuru kwava kusina kuenzana kwenguva pfupi.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 1:
Mubvunzo:
Mamorekuru maviri asiri epolar, anodaro He naNe, ese ane masimba eLondon pakati pawo. Tichifunga kuti Ne yakakura kupfuura He, tsanangura kuti ndeipi ine masimba akasimba eLondon, uye nei?
Kukurukurirana:
Masimba eLondon anowedzera kukosha sezvo huwandu hwemaerekitironi mumorekuru huchiwedzera, sezvo izvi zvichiwedzera kugona kwepolarization. Neon (Ne) ine maerekitironi akawanda (10) kupfuura Helium (He) iyo ine maerekitironi maviri chete. Nokudaro, mamorekuru eNe ane gore guru remaerekitironi uye ari nyore kupolarized kupfuura He. Nekuda kweizvozvo, masimba eLondon ari pakati pemamorekuru eNe achava akasimba kupfuura ari pakati pemamorekuru eHe.
2. Simba reDipole-Dipole
Masimba eDipole-dipole anoitika pakati pemamorekuru epolar apo partial positive charge yemorekuru imwe inosangana nepartial negative charge yeimwe morekuru.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 2:
Mubvunzo:
Mamorekuru maviri epolar, HCl neHF, ane masimba e dipole-dipole. Pakati peHCl neHF, ndeipi ine masimba akasimba e dipole-dipole uye nei?
Kukurukurirana:
Mamorekuru eHF ane masimba akasimba e dipole-dipole kupfuura HCl. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti electronegativity ye fluorine (F) yakanyanya kukwira, uye musiyano we electronegativity pakati peH naF wakakura kupfuura uri pakati peH naCl. Izvi zvinogadzira dipole yakasimba muHF molecule kupfuura muHCl. Nokudaro, masimba e dipole-dipole pakati pemamorekuru eHF akasimba kupfuura ari pakati peHCl.
3. Zvisungo zveHydrogen
Kubatana kwehydrogen imhando yakakosha yesimba re dipole-dipole uye kunoitika kana atomu re hydrogen rakabatana pamwe chete neatomu rine electronegative yakanyanya (yakadai seF, O, kana N) rikabatana ne maerekitironi maviri ari pane rimwe atomu rine electronegative yakanyanya.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 3:
Mubvunzo:
Funga nezvezvinhu zvitatu zvinotevera: mvura (H₂O), methanol (CH₃OH), uye ethanol (C₂H₅OH). Sarudza kuti ndechipi chine hydrogen bond yakasimba, uye nei?
Kukurukurirana:
Zvinhu zvese zvataurwa zvinogona kuumba mahydrogen bonds nekuti ane ma –OH groups. Zvisinei, simba rehydrogen bond haringotsamiri pakuvapo kwe –OH group chete asiwo pahuwandu nenzvimbo yenzvimbo dzinokwanisa kuumba mahydrogen bonds.
– Mvura (H₂O) inogona kuumba ma hydrogen bonds mana (maviri sema donor kuburikidza neH atomu uye maviri sema acceptors kuburikidza ne lone electron pair paO).
– Methanol (CH₃OH) uye ethanol (C₂H₅OH) zvinogona kuumba mabhondi maviri ehydrogen (rimwe semupi kuburikidza neH uye rimwe semugamuchiri kuburikidza nepairi imwe chete paO).
Saka, mvura (H₂O) ine mukana wekuumba ma hydrogen bonds akawanda uye nekudaro ine ma hydrogen bonds akasimba.
4. Musanganiswa weLondon Force neDipole-Dipole Force
Mune zvimwe zvinhu, musanganiswa weLondon ne dipole-dipole foundation unogona kuitika uye unobatsira pakusimba kwese kwekudyidzana pakati pemasero.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 4:
Mubvunzo:
Enzanisa mapoinzi ekufashaira echloroform (CHCl₃) uye carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄), uye tsanangura basa reLondon nemauto edipole-dipole mune izvi.
Kukurukurirana:
– Chloroform (CHCl₃) imorekuru ine polar ine nguva yakakwana ye dipole nekuda kwekupararira kwemaerekitironi asina kuenzana maererano nemaatomu eH.
– Kabhoni tetrachloride (CCl₄) imorekuru isiri polar nekuda kwekugoverwa kwayo kwemaerekitironi akafanana kunyangwe iine atomu yeCl ine electronegative yakanyanya.
Masimba e dipole-dipole ari muCHCl₃ achava akasimba nekuda kwe polarity yemorekuru, nepo masimba eLondon achave akakosha mumamorekuru ese ari maviri kunyangwe CCl₄ yakakura zvishoma uye ingave negore remaerekitironi rinogovaniswa ne polarizable.
Zvisinei, kusanganiswa kwemauto eLondon nemasimba edipole-dipole muCHCl₃ kunoita kuti ive neboiling point yakakwira kupfuura CCl₄, kunyangwe zvazvo iine mamorekuru akaenzana.
5. Kudyidzana kweIon-Dipole
Kudyidzana kweIon-dipole kwakakosha mukunyungudika kwemunyu muzvinhu zvinonyungudutsa zvakaita semvura. Chikamu chino chinosimbisa kukosha kweion charge uye kuva pedyo ne solvent molecule dipoles.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 5:
Mubvunzo:
Sei munyu wakaita sesodium chloride (NaCl) uchinyungudika nyore mumvura?
Kukurukurirana:
Sodium chloride inoumbwa nemaNa⁺ neCl⁻ ions. Mvura (H₂O) imorekuru ine chikamu chekushaikwa kwesimba paokisijeni uye hydrogen ine simba rakanaka. Kana NaCl yanyungudika mumvura, maNa⁺ ions anoshanda pamwe chete nemagumo eokisijeni emorekuru yemvura, nepo maCl⁻ ions achibatana nemagumo eokisijeni. Kusangana uku kwemaion-dipole kwakasimba zvakakwana kukunda masimba eionic ari mukristaro yeNaCl, zvichiita kuti munyu uparadzane uye unyungudike.
Penutup
Kunzwisisa mhando dzakasiyana dzezvisungo zvepakati pemamorekuru, zvakaita seLondon forces, dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonds, uye ion-dipole interactions, zvakakosha pakufanotaura nekutsanangura hunhu hwemuviri nemakemikari hwezvinhu. Mienzaniso nehurukuro dziri muchinyorwa chino dzinotarisira kupa mufananidzo wakajeka uye kusimbisa pfungwa huru dzekubatana kwepakati pemamorekuru. Ruzivo urwu rwakakosha kwete chete mune zvesainzi yedzidziso asiwo mumashandisirwo anoitwa zvinhu zvakaita semainjiniya ezvinhu, mishonga, nesainzi yezvakatipoteredza.
