Muenzaniso weMibvunzo yeKukurukurirana yeKushandisa Munyu Hydrolysis
Kunyungudika kwemunyu chiitiko chemakemikari chinosanganisira kuita kwemunyu nemvura, zvichigadzira acid kana base semugumisiro. Maitiro aya anowanzo kuve musoro wenyaya unokosha muzvidzidzo zvekemikari nekuti kunzwisisa kunyungudika kwemunyu kunogona kupa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pehunhu hwemhinduro uye kubatsira mukuona pH yemhinduro. Muchinyorwa chino, tichakurukura mimwe mienzaniso yezvinetso uye mhinduro dzazvo dzine chekuita nekunyungudika kwemunyu.
Pfungwa huru dzeHydrolysis yeMunyu
Kunyungudika kwemunyu kunoitika kana munyu waora mumvura uye maion awo achisangana nemamorekuru emvura kuti agadzire acid kana base. Haasi munyu wese unonyungudika mumvura; mimwe haina neutral, zvichireva kuti haichinje pH yemushonga. Zvisinei, mimwe munyu inogona kugadzira acid kana basic solutions, zvichienderana nekwakabva acid ne base yakagadzira munyu.
Kuti unzwisise nzira iyi, zvakakosha kuziva kuti:
– Munyu weasidhi yakasimba uye mabhesi akasimba (akadai seNaCl) hauwanzo shandiswa hydrolysis uye mhinduro yacho inoramba isina kwayakarerekera.
– Munyu wemaacid asina simba uye mabhesi akasimba (akadai seCH3COONa) anowanzo gadzira mhinduro dzemhando yepamusoro.
– Munyu wemaacid akasimba uye mabhesi asina simba (akadai seNH4Cl) anowanzo gadzira mhinduro dzine acidic.
– Munyu wemaacid asina simba nemabase asina simba zvinogona kusangana nemvura uye zvinosarudza pH yekupedzisira zvichienderana nekusimba kweasidhi nebase.
Mibvunzo yemuenzaniso nekukurukurirana
Mubvunzo 1: Kunyungudika kwePotassium Acetate (CH3COOK)
Mubvunzo:
Mushonga we potassium acetate (CH3COOK) une acidic here, uri nyore, kana kuti hauna kwawakarerekera? Nyora maitiro e hydrolysis anoitika wobva waona pH yemushonga.
Kukurukurirana:
Potassium acetate (CH3COOK) munyu weasidhi isina simba (acetic acid, CH3COOH) uye hwaro hwakasimba (potassium hydroxide, KOH). Kubva pane izvi, tinogona kugumisa kuti mhinduro yeCH3COOK ingangove iri nyore nekuti acetate ion (CH3COO⁻) inogona hydrolyze mumvura.
Maitiro acho ndeekuti:
\[ CH_3COO^- + H_2O \rightleftharpoons CH_3COOH + OH^- \]
Maion eacetate (CH3COO⁻) anogamuchira mapurotoni (H⁺) kubva mumvura (H2O) kuti agadzire acetic acid (CH3COOH) uye maion ehydroxide (OH⁻). Kuvapo kwemaion ehydroxide (OH⁻) mumushonga kunoita kuti zvive nyore.
Kuti tizive pH, tinoda huwandu hweOH⁻ ions. Semuenzaniso, tine mhinduro ye0,1 M CH3COOK uye ionization constant yeacetic acid (Ka) i1,8 × 10⁻⁵.
Matanho atorwa ndeaya:
1. Kushandisa base constant (Kb) ye CH3COO⁻ ion:
\[ K_b = \frac{K_w}{K_a} = \frac{10^{-14}}{1,8 \times 10^{-5}} = 5,56 \times 10^{-10} \]
2. Bvisa ma CH3COO⁻ ions mumushonga:
\[ K_b = \frac{[CH_3COOH][OH^-]}{[CH_3COO^-]} \]
Rega mwero wekuparadzaniswa uve 'x':
\[ 5,56 \kawa 10^{-10} = \frac{x^2}{0,1-x} \]
Tisingateereri diki \(x\) riri mu denominator, tinogona kurerutsa:
\[ x^2 \inenge 5,56 \kawa 10^{-11} \Rightarrow x = \sqrt{5,56 \kawa 10^{-11}} = 7,45 \kawa 10^{-6} \]
Kuongororwa kweOH⁻:
\[ [OH^-] = 7,45 \kawa 10^{-6} \]
pOH yemhinduro:
\[ pOH = -\log [OH^-] = -\log (7,45 \kawa 10^{-6}) \anenge 5,13 \]
Kushandisa hukama huripo pakati pe pH ne pOH:
\[ pH = 14 – pOH = 14 – 5,13 = 8,87 \]
Saka, mhinduro yeCH3COOK inonzwisisika uye ine pH inosvika 8,87.
Mubvunzo 2: Kunyungudika kweAmmonium Chloride (NH4Cl)
Mubvunzo:
Mushonga weammonium chloride (NH4Cl) une acidic here, uri nyore, kana kuti hauna kwawakarerekera? Nyora maitiro ehydrolysis anoitika wobva waona pH yemushonga.
Kukurukurirana:
Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) munyu weasidhi yakasimba (HCl) uye base isina simba (NH3). Kubva pane izvi, tinogona kugumisa kuti mhinduro yacho ine acidic nekuti ammonium ion (NH4⁺) inogona hydrolyze mumvura.
Maitiro acho ndeekuti:
\[ NH_4^+ + H_2O \rightleftharpoons NH_3 + H_3O^+ \]
Maion eAmmonium (NH4⁺) anopa mapurotoni (H⁺) kumamorekuru emvura (H2O) kuti agadzire ammonia (NH3) uye maion ehydronium (H3O⁺). Kuvapo kwemaion ehydronium (H3O⁺) mumushonga uyu kunoita kuti mushonga uve neacidic.
Semuenzaniso, tine mhinduro ye 0,1 M NH4Cl. Iyo base ionization constant (Kb) yeNH3 i1,8 × 10⁻⁵.
Matanho atorwa ndeaya:
1. Kushandisa acid constant (Ka) yeNH4⁺ ion:
\[ K_a = \frac{K_w}{K_b} = \frac{10^{-14}}{1,8 \times 10^{-5}} = 5,56 \times 10^{-10} \]
2. Kusiyanisa maNH4⁺ ions mumushonga:
\[ K_a = \frac{[NH_3][H_3O^+]}{[NH_4^+]} \]
Rega mwero wekuparadzaniswa uve 'x':
\[ 5,56 \kawa 10^{-10} = \frac{x^2}{0,1-x} \]
Tisingateereri diki \(x\) riri mu denominator, tinogona kurerutsa:
\[ x^2 \inenge 5,56 \kawa 10^{-11} \Rightarrow x = \sqrt{5,56 \kawa 10^{-11}} = 7,45 \kawa 10^{-6} \]
H3O⁺ kuwanda:
\[ [H_3O^+] = 7,45 \kawa 10^{-6} \]
pH yemushonga:
\[ pH = -\log [H_3O^+] = -\log (7,45 \kawa 10^{-6}) \inenge 5,13 \]
Saka, mhinduro yeNH4Cl ine acidic ine pH inosvika 5,13.
Mumienzaniso yese iri pamusoro, tinoona kuti kuziva rudzi rwehydrolysis kunogona kubatsira sei kuona rudzi rwemhinduro. Nekushandisa ionization equilibrium constant (Ka kana Kb) uye fungidziro shoma dziri nyore, tinogona kugadzirisa matambudziko aya zviri nyore.
Kukurukurirana uku kwematambudziko emunyu wehydrolysis hakungodzidzisi hunyanzvi hwekuongorora masvomhu chete asiwo kunowedzera kunzwisisa pfungwa huru dzekemikari yemhinduro. Kunzwisisa kuti maion emavambo akasiyana anopa sei mapurotoni kana maaceptor kumamorekuru emvura, uye kuti izvi zvinokanganisa sei pH yemhinduro, kwakakosha pakudzidza misoro yakawanda yepamusoro mukemikari.
