Mibvunzo Yemuenzaniso Kukurukura Mapoka Anoshanda Senzvimbo Dzinoshanda Mumakemikari Ezvisikwa
Boka rinoshanda iboka remaatomu ari mukati memorekuru rinosarudza hunhu hwekuita kwemakemikari. Mukemikari yeorganic, mapoka anoshanda anoshanda senzvimbo dzinoshanda, kureva, nzvimbo dzinoitika maitiro emakemikari. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura mienzaniso yematambudziko anosanganisira mapoka anoshanda senzvimbo dzinoshanda mumakemikari eorganic uye chichapa kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwekuti mapoka anoshanda anokanganisa sei reactivity uye hunhu hwemakemikari emakemikari aya.
Kunzwisisa Mapoka Anoshanda
Mapoka anoshanda ndiwo musanganiswa chaiwo wemaatomu mumamorekuru ayo anogara achikonzera mamwe maitiro emakemikari. Mienzaniso yakajairika inosanganisira hydroxyl (-OH) mualcohols, carbonyl (C=O) mualdehydes nemaketones, carboxyl (-COOH) mucarboxylic acids, amino (-NH2) muamines, uye halides (-X) dzakadai se -Cl, -Br, kana -I muhaloalkanes.
Basa reMapoka Anoshanda Senzvimbo Dzinoshanda
Panyaya yemaitiro emakemikari emuchadenga, mapoka anoshanda senzvimbo dzinonyanya kuita basa mumamorekuru nekuda kwekuwanda kwemaerekitironi kana mamiriro esimba akasiyana. Anokanganisa mashandiro emamorekuru, zvichisarudza mhando dzemaitiro anogona kuitika kana asingaitike.
Mibvunzo yemuenzaniso nekukurukurirana
Ngatitarisei mimwe mienzaniso yemibvunzo ine chekuita nemapoka anoshanda senzvimbo dzinoshanda mumakemikari eorganic.
Mubvunzo 1
Ipa zita racho uye ratidza boka rinoshanda remusanganiswa unotevera: CH3CH2OH.
Kukurukurirana:
Musanganiswa we CH3CH2OH i ethanol. Boka rinoshanda pano i hydroxyl (-OH). Boka re hydroxyl riri paatomu yechipiri yekabhoni mucheni yekabhoni mbiri, zvichiita kuti ethanol ive doro guru.
Mubvunzo 2
Tsvaga nzvimbo inoshanda muchikamu chinotevera: CH3COCH3.
Kukurukurirana:
Chikamu che CH3COCH3 i propanone, inozivikanwawo se acetone. Boka rinoshanda muchikamu ichi i carbonyl (C=O). Boka re carbonyl rinoita kuti chikamu ichi chive ketone. Nzvimbo inoshanda iri paatomu ye carbonyl carbonyl nekuti okisijeni inobvisa maerekitironi kubva mu carbon, zvichiita kuti kabhoni ive nyore kushandisa magetsi uye ive nyore kurwiswa ne nucleophilic.
Mubvunzo 3
Nyora maitiro aripo pakati peacetic acid (CH3COOH) neethanol (CH3CH2OH). Taura mapoka anoshanda anobatanidzwa uye zvigadzirwa zvakaumbwa.
Kukurukurirana:
Kuita pakati peacetic acid neethanol muenzaniso wekuita kwe esterification, zvichigadzira ester nemvura.
Mhinduro yacho inogona kunyorwa seizvi:
\[ \text{CH}_3\text{COOH} + \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{OH} \rightarrow \text{CH}_3\text{COOCH}_2\text{CH}_3 + \text{H}_2\text{O} \]
Mapoka anoshanda anobatanidzwa mukuita uku ndee carboxyl (-COOH) mu acetic acid uye hydroxyl (-OH) mu ethanol. Zvigadzirwa zvinobva mu ethyl acetate (CH3COOCH2CH3) se ester nemvura (H2O).
Kushandazve uye Kugadzirisa
Muzviitiko zvakawanda zvemakemikari emuchadenga, ma "catalysts" anowanzo shandiswa kuwedzera reaction rate. Semuenzaniso, sulfuric acid (H2SO4) inowanzo shandiswa se "catalyst" mu "esterification reactions" kuti kukurumidzise kuumbwa kwema "esters". Boka re "carboxyl functional" mu "acetic acid" rinoita "hydroxyl group" mu "ethanol" munzvimbo ine acidic, zvichiita "ester" nemvura.
Mibvunzo Yemuenzaniso Yepamusoro
Ngationgororei mimwe mibvunzo kuti tinzwisise zvakadzama kuti mapoka anoshanda sei senzvimbo dzinoshanda mukuita kwakasiyana-siyana kwemakemikari.
Mubvunzo 4
Tsanangura musiyano uripo pakati pemakemikari anogona kuitika muma alcohols ekutanga, ma alcohols echipiri, uye ma alcohols echitatu ane ma oxidizing reagents akadai se potassium permanganate (KMnO4).
Kukurukurirana:
Kuchinja kwealcohols kune ma reagents anooxidating akadai seKMnO4 kunoenderana zvakanyanya nerudzi rwedoro.
1. Doro Guru (RCH2OH): Doro guru richasanganiswa neKMnO4 kuita carboxylic acid.
– Muenzaniso: Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) ichasanganiswa kuita acetic acid (CH3COOH).
2. Doro Rechipiri (R2CHOH): Doro rechipiri rinozosanganiswa kuita ketone.
– Muenzaniso: Isopropanol (CH3CH(OH)CH3) ichasanganiswa kuita acetone (CH3COCH3).
3. MaAlcohols eTertiary (R3COH): MaAlcohols eTertiary haawanzo sanganiswa neKMnO4 nekuda kwekushaikwa kwehydrogen yakabatana zvakananga nekabhoni yakabatana neboka rehydroxyl.
– Muenzaniso: Tert-butanol ((CH3)3COH) inowanzo dzivirira oxidation neKMnO4.
Mubvunzo 5
Tsanangura maitiro emakemikari ekuwedzera HBr kupropene (CH3CH=CH2). Dudza chigadzirwa chikuru uye taura mapoka anoshanda aripo muchigadzirwa chekupedzisira.
Kukurukurirana:
Kuwedzerwa kweHBr kune propene imhinduro yekuwedzera yemagetsi inotevera mutemo waMarkovnikov, apo hydrogen kubva kuHBr inowedzera kuatomu yekabhoni ine huwandu hwakawanda hwezvisungo zvehydrogen.
Maitiro ekuita:
1. Kuumbwa kwecarbocation:
\[ \text{CH}_3\text{CH=CH}_2 + \text{HBr} \rightarrow \text{CH}_3\text{CH}^+\text{CH}_3 + \text{Br}^- \]
2. Kurwiswa kwebromide ion nenucleus:
\[ \text{CH}_3\text{CH}^+\text{CH}_3 + \text{Br}^- \rightarrow \text{CH}_3\text{CH}\text{BrCH}_3 \]
Chigadzirwa chikuru i2-bromopropane (CH3CHBrCH3). Mapoka anoshanda aripo muchigadzirwa chekupedzisira iboka realkyl neboka rehalide (bromo-Br).
Mhedziso
Mapoka anoshanda zvinhu zvakakosha mumakemikari emuchadenga nekuti ndiwo anoona mashandiro uye hunhu hwemakemikari emakomputa. Nekunzwisisa kwakakodzera mapoka anoshanda, tinogona kufanotaura kuti makomputa emuchadenga achaita sei pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu. Kukurukurirana kwematambudziko ari pamusoro apa kunoratidza kuti mapoka anoshanda sei senzvimbo dzinoshanda mumaitiro akasiyana-siyana emakemikari, kubva pakuoxidation nekuderedza kusvika pakuwedzerwa uye esterification. Kunzwisisa uku kwakawedzerwa kwakakosha pakushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana mumakemikari, biochemistry, uye indasitiri yemishonga.
