Mienzaniso yeMibvunzo yeKukurukurirana kweMicrowave
Ma microwave chikamu che electromagnetic spectrum ine ma wavelengths anotangira pa 1 mm kusvika pa 1 m. Mafungu aya anoshandiswa kakawanda mumatekinoroji akasiyana-siyana emazuva ano, akadai sekutaurirana pasina waya, radar, astronomy, uye midziyo yemumba yakaita se microwave ovens. Zvichienderana nekukosha kwekushandiswa kwema microwave, zvakakosha kuti vadzidzi, kunyanya avo vari kudzidza fizikisi kana engineering, vanzwisise zvakakosha zvema microwave, kusanganisira maitiro ekugadzirisa matambudziko ane chekuita nawo. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura mienzaniso yakati wandei yematambudziko uye chichakurukura nezvema microwave.
Mubvunzo 1: Urefu hwemafungu uye Kuwanda kweMafungu
Mubvunzo:
Zvichienderana nekuti microwave ine frequency ye10 GHz, verenga urefu hwewavelength ye microwave. (Shandisa kumhanya kwechiedza c = 3 x 10^8 m/s)
Kukurukurirana:
Chekutanga, tinoyeuka hukama huripo pakati pehurefu hwewavelength (λ), frequency (f), uye kumhanya kwechiedza (c):
\[ c = \lambda \cdot f \]
Tinogona kana kudzokorora fomura iyi kuti tiwane wavelength (λ):
\[ \lambda = \frac{c}{f} \]
Tichifunga nezve frequency (f) = 10 GHz = 10 x 10^9 Hz, uye kumhanya kwechiedza (c) = 3 x 10^8 m/s, tinobatanidza aya mavalues maviri mufomura:
\[ \lambda = \frac{3 \times 10^8 \, \text{m/s}}{10 \times 10^9 \, \text{Hz}} \]
\[ \lambda = 0.03 \, \text{m} \]
Saka, kureba kwewavelength ye microwave i 0,03 metres kana 3 cm.
Mubvunzo 2: Simba rekutumira uye Kureba
Mubvunzo:
Chinotumira ma microwave chinoburitsa simba re50 W. Verenga simba re microwave uri kure nemamita maviri kubva panobva chinotumira ma microwave, uchifungidzira kupararira kwe isotropic.
Kukurukurirana:
Kuti tiverenge simba, tinoshandisa equation yesimba pachikamu chimwe nechimwe:
\[ I = \frac{P}{A} \]
P isimba (50 W) uye A inzvimbo yepamusoro yebhora rine radius yemamita maviri:
\[ A = 4 \pi r^2 \]
Isa kukosha r = mamita maviri mufomura yenzvimbo:
\[ A = 4 \pi (2 \, \text{m})^2 \]
\[ A = 16 \pi \, \text{m}^2 \]
Wobva waverenga simba:
\[ I = \frac{50 \, \text{W}}{16 \pi \, \text{m}^2} \]
Kuverenga nhamba:
\[ Ini \approx \frac{50}{50.265} \]
\[ I \inenge 0.995 \, \text{W/m}^2 \]
Saka, simba re microwave riri kure nemamita maviri kubva panobva transmitter rinosvika 0.995 W/m².
Mubvunzo 3: Doppler Effect muMicrowaves
Mubvunzo:
Mota inofamba ne108 km/h (30 m/s) inosvika kuma microwave anotumira radar nefrequency ye5 GHz. Verenga frequency inogamuchirwa neradar kana kumhanya kwe microwave kuri kumhanya kwechiedza.
Kukurukurirana:
Shandisa Doppler effect ye frequency yakagamuchirwa (f'):
\[ f' = f \left(\frac{c + v}{c}\right) \]
Di mana:
– f' = frequency inogamuchirwa
– f = maitikiro ekushandiswa kwenzwi = 5 GHz = 5 x 10^9 Hz
– c = kumhanya kwechiedza = 3 x 10^8 m/s
– v = kumhanya kwemotokari = 30 m/s
Tsiva ma "values" mufomura:
\[ f' = 5 \kawa 10^9 \kuruboshwe(\frac{3 \kawa 10^8 + 30}{3 \kawa 10^8}\kurudyi) \]
\[ f' \approx 5 \times 10^9 \left(1 + \frac{30}{3 \times 10^8}\right) \]
\[ f' \approx 5 \times 10^9 \left(1 + 1 \times 10^{-7}\right) \]
\[ f' \inenge 5 \inenge 10^9 \inenge 1.0000001 \]
\[ f' \inenge 5.0000005 \kawa 10^9 \]
\[ f' \approx 5.0000005 \, \text{GHz} \]
Saka, frequency inogamuchirwa neradar inenge 5.0000005 GHz.
Mubvunzo 4: Kutorwa Kwesimba Nezvinhu
Mubvunzo:
Chinhu chimwe chinotora 2 W yesimba re microwave kana simba remafungu ari 10 W/m². Verenga nzvimbo yechinhu chacho.
Kukurukurirana:
Shandisa hukama huripo pakati pesimba rekunyudza, nzvimbo yepamusoro uye kusimba:
\[ P = I \cdot A \]
Tsiva tsika dzinozivikanwa:
\[ 2 \, \text{W} = 10 \, \text{W/m}^2 \cdot A \]
Kugadzirisa A:
\[ A = \frac{2 \, \text{W}}{10 \, \text{W/m}^2} \]
\[ A = 0.2 \, \text{m}^2 \]
Saka, nzvimbo yepamusoro yezvinhu ndeye 0,2 m².
Mubvunzo 5: Maitiro ekufungisisa uye kupindira
Mubvunzo:
Ma antenna maviri e microwave anoburitsa mafungu ehurefu hwemasendimita matanhatu mudivi rimwe chete. Kana daro riri pakati pema antenna riri 12 cm, chii chinotanga kuitika pakukanganiswa kwekuvaka?
Kukurukurirana:
Kupindirana kwekuvaka kunoitika kana musiyano wenzira pakati pemanyuko maviri uri k = ±nλ (n inhamba isiri zero inosanganisira 0). Kekutanga kupindirana kwekuvaka (n=1):
\[ d = n \lambda/2 \]
Sezvo daro reantenna riri 12 cm uye kureba kwewavelength kuri 6 cm, musiyano wenzira yekutanga yekuvhiringidza kwekuvaka unoitika pa:
\[ d = n (\lambda/2) \]
Saka:
\[ 12 = 1 \nguva (6/2) \]
Saka daro riripo nderekuti:
\[ 12 = 1 \kawa 3 \]
Nekuti equation iyi ine chekuita nekuumbwa kwemapatani ekupindira pane zviri zvakajairika, saka kubva pakufungidzira tinogadzira pamutsetse wepakati wedaro kubva panobva kana nzira zvichibva pane zvisiri zvenzira, kureva nzvimbo inogara iripo yepolar yemutsetse wetrace iyo isina hukama nepatani yenzvimbo yakatarwa.
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Iyi mimwe mienzaniso yezvinetso zve microwave uye maitiro ekuzvigadzirisa. Nekunzwisisa uye kujaira kugadzirisa matambudziko akadai, zvinotarisirwa kuti zvichave nyore kwauri kunzwisisa nekushandisa pfungwa dze microwave muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvesainzi netekinoroji.
