Muenzaniso weMibvunzo yeKukurukurirana paElectrolytes
Maelectrolyte zvinhu zvinogona kufambisa magetsi kana zvanyungudutswa mumvura kana zvimwe zvinonyungudutsa. Maelectrolyte akakamurwa kuita mhando mbiri huru: maelectrolyte akasimba uye maelectrolyte asina simba. Maelectrolyte akasimba anoisa ioni zvachose mumushonga, nepo maelectrolyte asina simba achiisa ioni zvishoma chete. Maelectrolyte anoita basa rakakosha mukuita kwakasiyana-siyana kwemakemikari uye hupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Muchinyorwa chino, tichakurukura mimwe mienzaniso yematambudziko uye tsananguro dzawo maererano nemaelectrolyte.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 1: Kuziva Dhigirii reIonization
Mubvunzo: Acetic acid (CH₃COOH) solution inozivikanwa kuva nehuwandu hwe 0,1 M uye dhigirii re ionization (α) ye4%. Chii chinonzi huwandu hwema ions mu solution?
Kukurukurirana:
1. Sarudza mwero we ionization:
Dhigirii reionization (α) chikamu chechinhu chakaiswa ionized mumushonga. Zvichienderana nekuti α = 4% = 0.04.
2. Equation ye acetic acid ye ionization:
\[
\text{CH}_3\text{COOH} \rightleftharpoons \text{CH}_3\text{COO}^- + \text{H}^+
\]
3. Kuverenga huwandu hwezvinhu:
Kuwanda kwekutanga kweCH₃COOH i0,1 M. Sezvo dhigirii reionization riri 0,04, saka:
\[
[\text{CH}_3\text{COO}^-] = [\text{H}^+] = 0.1 \times 0.04 = 0.004 \text{M}
\]
Kuwanda kwe CH₃COOH isina ionized:
\[
[\text{CH}_3\text{COOH}] = 0.1 \text{M} – 0.004 \text{M} = 0.096 \text{M}
\]
Jawaban:
\[
[\text{CH}_3\text{COO}^-] = 0.004 \text{M}
[\text{H}^+] = 0.004 \text{M}
[\text{CH}_3\text{COOH}] isina ionized = 0.096 \text{M}
\]
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 2: Kuverenga Ksp (Chigadzirwa Chekunyunguduka)
Mubvunzo: Kana wapiwa munyu, BaSO₄, unonyungudika zvishoma mumvura une kunyungudika kwe1,0 × 10⁻⁵ M. Verenga Ksp yeBaSO₄.
Kukurukurirana:
1. Musanganiswa wekunyungudika kwemunyu weBaSO₄:
\[
\zvinyorwa{BaSO}_4 (s) \kurudyileftharpoons \zvinyorwa{Ba}^{2+} (aq) + \zvinyorwa{SO}_4^{2-} (aq)
\]
2. Kunyungudika:
Zvichienderana nekunyungudika kweBaSO₄ = 1,0 × 10⁻⁵ M.
3. Verenga huwandu hwemaayoni:
Kana kunyungudika kweBaSO₄ = s = 1,0 × 10⁻⁵ M, saka:
\[
[\text{Ba}^{2+}] = 1,0 \times 10^{-5} \text{M}
\]
\[
[\text{SO}_4^{2-}] = 1,0 \times 10^{-5} \text{M}
\]
4. Kuverenga Ksp:
\[
K_{sp} = [\text{Ba}^{2+}] \times [\text{SO}_4^{2-}]
\]
\[
K_{sp} = (1,0 \kawa 10^{-5}) \kawa (1,0 \kawa 10^{-5})
\]
\[
K_{sp} = 1,0 \kawa 10^{-10}
\]
Jawaban:
\[
K_{sp} \text{ BaSO₄} = 1,0 \times 10^{-10}
\]
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 3: pH yeAcid neBase Solutions
Mubvunzo: Verenga pH yemushonga weHCl ne concentration ye 0,01 M.
Kukurukurirana:
1. Equation ye ionization ye HCl:
\[
\text{HCl} \rightarrow \text{H}^+ + \text{Cl}^-
\]
HCl iasidhi yakasimba, saka ionization yapera.
2. Verenga huwandu hwehydrogen ion:
Kuwanda kweHCl = 0,01 M zvinoreva:
\[
[\text{H}^+] = 0.01 \text{M}
\]
3. Kuverenga pH:
\[
\text{pH} = -\log[\text{H}^+]
\]
\[
\text{pH} = -\log(0.01)
\]
\[
\chinyorwa{pH} = 2
\]
Jawaban:
\[
\text{pH} \text{ HCl solution} = 2
\]
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 4: Kuverenga pOH yeBase Solution
Mubvunzo: Verenga pOH nepH yemhinduro yeKOH ne concentration ye 0,001 M.
Kukurukurirana:
1. Equation yeIonization yeKOH:
\[
\text{KOH} \rightarrow \text{K}^+ + \text{OH}^-
\]
KOH ihwaro hwakasimba, saka ionization yapera.
2. Verenga huwandu hwemaion ehydroxide:
Kuwanda kweKOH = 0,001 M zvinoreva:
\[
[\chinyorwa{OH}^-] = 0.001 \chinyorwa{M}
\]
3. Kuverenga pOH:
\[
\text{pOH} = -\log[\text{OH}^-]
\]
\[
\text{pOH} = -\log(0.001)
\]
\[
\text{pOH} = 3
\]
4. Kuverenga pH:
\[
\text{pH} = 14 – \text{pOH}
\]
\[
\text{pH} = 14 – 3
\]
\[
\chinyorwa{pH} = 11
\]
Jawaban:
\[
\text{pOH} \text{KOH mhinduro} = 3
\text{pH} \text{ mhinduro yeKOH} = 11
\]
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 5: Kuona Kuwanda kweHydroxide Ions
Mubvunzo: Mhinduro ye hydrofluoric acid (HF) ine pH ye3. Chii chinonzi concentration yema hydroxide ions (OH⁻) mumushonga?
Kukurukurirana:
1. Tsvaga huwandu hwehydrogen ions:
Zvichipiwa pH = 3, saka:
\[
[\text{H}^+] = 10^{-3} \text{M}
\]
2. Kushandisa pfungwa yehukama huripo pakati pepH ne pOH:
\[
\text{pH} + \text{pOH} = 14
\]
3. Kuverenga pOH:
\[
\text{pOH} = 14 – \text{pH}
\]
\[
\text{pOH} = 14 – 3 = 11
\]
4. Verenga huwandu hwemaion ehydroxide:
\[
[\text{OH}^-] = 10^{-\text{pOH}}
\]
\[
[\text{OH}^-] = 10^{-11} \text{M}
\]
Jawaban:
\[
[\text{OH}^-] \text{ mumhinduro yeHF} = 1 \times 10^{-11} \text{M}
\]
Mhedziso
Kunzwisisa pfungwa huru dze electrolytes nekunyungudika kwakakosha mukemistri. Nekuziva maitiro ekuverenga mwero we ionization, Ksp, pH, uye pOH, tinogona kugadzirisa matambudziko akasiyana-siyana ane chekuita nemhinduro dze electrolyte. Chinyorwa chino chakurukura mienzaniso yakati wandei yematambudziko nemhinduro dzawo kuti tipe kunzwisisa kwakajeka kwekugadzirisa matambudziko ane chekuita ne electrolyte. Tinovimba kuti tsananguro iyi inobatsira vaverengi vanoda kuwedzera ruzivo rwavo rwe electrolytes mukemistri.
