Mibvunzo Yemuenzaniso Inotsanangura Nezve Photoelectric Effect
Mhedzisiro yemagetsi inyaya yepanyama inotsanangura kubuda kwemaerekitironi kubva pamusoro pechinhu kana chiedza kana mwaranzi yemagetsi ichirova. Tsvagiridzo yakaitwa naAlbert Einstein mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 yakaita basa guru mukutsanangura chiitiko ichi uye zvakaita kuti dzidziso yequantum yechiedza igamuchirwe. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura mienzaniso yakati wandei yezvinetso zvine chekuita nemhedzisiro yemagetsi pamwe chete netsananguro dzakadzama dzemhinduro dzacho.
Dzidziso Yekutanga
Tisati taenderera mberi nemibvunzo yemuenzaniso, ngationgororei dzimwe pfungwa huru dzine chekuita nemhedzisiro ye photoelectric:
1. Simba rephoton: Simba rephoton rinopiwa ne equation \( E = h \nu \), apo \( h \) iri constant yaPlanck (\( h \approx 6.626 \times 10^{-34} \) Js) uye \( \nu \) ndiyo frequency yechiedza.
2. Basa rekushanda (\( \phi \)): Basa rekushanda isimba shoma rinodiwa kubvisa maerekitironi pamusoro pechinhu chacho.
3. Simba reKinetic remaerekitironi: Maerekitironi anoburitswa ane simba reKinetic rinopihwa ne equation \( KE = h \nu – \phi \).
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 1
Mubvunzo
Sheti resimbi rine basa re \(4.5 \) eV. Chiedza chine urefu hwemafungu e \(200 \) nm chinopenya pasheti. Sarudza:
1. Simba re photon rinotorwa nemaerekitironi.
2. Maerekitironi achaburitswa here kubva pamusoro pesimbi?
3. Kana hongu, chii chinonzi kinetic energy yepamusoro yemaerekitironi anoburitswa?
Penyelesaian
1. Verenga simba re photon (\( E \))
\[
E = \frac{hc}{\lambda}
\]
Apo \( h \) iri iyo nguva dzose yaPlanck, \( c \) ndiyo kumhanya kwechiedza (\( c \approx 3 \times 10^8 \) m/s), uye \( \lambda \) ndiyo wavelength yechiedza.
\[
E = \frac{6.626 \nguva 10^{-34} \text{ Js} \nguva 3 \nguva 10^8 \text{ m/s}}{200 \nguva 10^{-9} \text{ m}}
\]
\[
E = \frac{1.9878 \times 10^{-25} \text{ Js}}{200 \times 10^{-9} \text{ m}}
\]
\[
E = 9.939 \kawa 10^{-19} \chinyorwa{J}
\]
Kuti ushandure kuita eV, shandisa \( 1 \text{ eV} = 1.602 \times 10^{-19} \text{ J} \).
\[
E = \frac{9.939 \times 10^{-19} \text{ J}}{1.602 \times 10^{-19} \text{ J/eV}}
\]
\[
E \inenge 6.2 \text{eV}
\]
2. Tarisa kana maerekitironi achaburitswa
Nekuti simba re photon (6.2 eV) rakakura kupfuura basa rekushanda (4.5 eV), maerekitironi achaburitswa.
3. Verenga simba guru remaerekitironi
\[
KE = E – \phi = 6.2 \chinyorwa{ eV} – 4.5 \chinyorwa{ eV} = 1.7 \chinyorwa{ eV}
\]
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 2
Mubvunzo
Chiedza chine frequency ye \( 1.2 \times 10^{15} \) Hz chinopenya pamusoro pesimbi ine basa re \( 3 \) eV. Sarudza:
1. Simba re photon rinotorwa nemaerekitironi.
2. Maerekitironi achaburitswa here kubva pamusoro pesimbi?
3. Kana hongu, chii chinonzi kinetic energy yepamusoro yemaerekitironi anoburitswa?
Penyelesaian
1. Verenga simba re photon (\( E \))
\[
E = h \nu = 6.626 \nguva 10^{-34} \chinyorwa{ Js} \nguva 1.2 \nguva 10^{15} \chinyorwa{ Hz}
\]
\[
E = 7.9512 \kawa 10^{-19} \chinyorwa{J}
\]
Kushandurwa kuita eV:
\[
E = \frac{7.9512 \times 10^{-19} \text{ J}}{1.602 \times 10^{-19} \text{ J/eV}}
\]
\[
E \inenge 4.97 \text{eV}
\]
2. Tarisa kana maerekitironi achaburitswa
Nekuti simba re photon (4.97 eV) rakakura kupfuura basa rekushanda (3 eV), maerekitironi achaburitswa.
3. Verenga simba guru remaerekitironi
\[
KE = E – \phi = 4.97 \chinyorwa{ eV} – 3 \chinyorwa{ eV} = 1.97 \chinyorwa{ eV}
\]
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 3
Mubvunzo
Mwenje weUV une urefu hwemafungu e120 nm unorova pamusoro pesimbi ine basa re2.2 eV. Verenga:
1. Simba re photon mu eV.
2. Maerekitironi achaburitswa here kubva pamusoro pesimbi?
3. Kana hongu, chii chinonzi kinetic energy yepamusoro yemaerekitironi anoburitswa?
Penyelesaian
1. Verenga simba re photon (\( E \))
\[
E = \frac{hc}{\lambda}
\]
\[
E = \frac{6.626 \nguva 10^{-34} \text{ Js} \nguva 3 \nguva 10^8 \text{ m/s}}{120 \nguva 10^{-9} \text{ m}}
\]
\[
E = \frac{1.9878 \times 10^{-25} \text{ Js}}{120 \times 10^{-9} \text{ m}}
\]
\[
E = 1.6565 \kawa 10^{-18} \chinyorwa{J}
\]
Kushandurwa kuita eV:
\[
E = \frac{1.6565 \times 10^{-18} \text{ J}}{1.602 \times 10^{-19} \text{ J/eV}}
\]
\[
E \inenge 10.34 \text{eV}
\]
2. Tarisa kana maerekitironi achaburitswa
Nekuti simba re photon (10.34 eV) rakakura kupfuura basa rekushanda (2.2 eV), maerekitironi achaburitswa.
3. Verenga simba guru remaerekitironi
\[
KE = E – \phi = 10.34 \chinyorwa{ eV} – 2.2 \chinyorwa{ eV} = 8.14 \chinyorwa{ eV}
\]
Mhedziso
Chiitiko chemhedzisiro ye photoelectric chinogona kuratidzwa kuburikidza nematambudziko akasiyana-siyana emuenzaniso apo tinoverenga simba re photon, kutarisa kana electron inogona kuburitswa, uye kuyera simba guru re kinetic re electron yakaburitswa. Mukugadzirisa dambudziko rega rega, tinofanira kungwarira nemayuniti epanyama uye kushandurwa pakati pemayuniti (semuenzaniso, kubva kumajoules kuenda kuma electronvolts). Kunzwisisa kwakasimba uye tsika yakakodzera zvichatibatsira kugona pfungwa huru dzemhedzisiro ye photoelectric, inova mbiru yakakosha yefizikisi ye quantum.
