Mienzaniso yeMibvunzo Inotsanangura Zvikanganiso zveMass uye Simba Rinobatanidza
Mufizikisi yenyukireya, pfungwa dzekusakwana kwemasero uye simba rekubatanidza dzinoita basa rakakosha mukunzwisisa kugadzikana kweatomu nuclei. Kusakwana kwemasero zvinoreva musiyano uripo pakati pehuremu chaihwo hwenucleus yeatomu nehuremu hwese hwemaprotoni nemanyuturoni ayo. Tsanangudzo iyi inobva mukunzwisisa kuti humwe huremu hunorasika panguva yekuumbwa kwenucleus, iyo inozoshandurwa kuita simba rekubatanidza zvichienderana nepfungwa yekuenzana kwemasimba nemasimba yakagadzirwa naAlbert Einstein muequation yake yakakurumbira, \(E=mc^2\).
Simba rinosunga isimba rinodiwa kuti nucleus ipatsanurwe kuita mapurotoni nemanyuturoni akasiyana. Simba rinosunga panucleus imwe neimwe, ndipo panogara nucleus yakasimba. Izvi zvinotevera kukurukura nezvematambudziko ane chekuita nekusakwana kwemasero uye simba rinosunga kuti tinzwisise pfungwa iyi zvakadzama.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 1: Kuverenga Kukanganisika Kwemazhinji
Mubvunzo:
Mudzidzi anokumbirwa kuverenga hurema hwe nucleus yeHelium-4 atomic (\(^4_2He\)), iyo ine mapurotoni maviri nemanyuturoni maviri. Zvinozivikanwa kuti hurema hweprotoni i1.007825 u, hurema hweneutron i1.008665 u, uye hurema hwenucleus yeHelium-4 atomic i4.002603 u. Verenga hurema hwe nucleus.
Kukurukurirana:
1. Tsvaga Huwandu Hwese hweMapurotoni neManyuturoni:
Nhamba yemapurotoni = 2, nhamba yemanyuturoni = 2
Huremu hwese hwemapurotoni = 2 × 1.007825 u = 2.015650 u
Huremu hwese hwemanyutroni = 2 × 1.008665 u = 2.017330 u
Saka, huwandu hwese hwemaprotoni nema neutron ndehwekuti:
\[
\text{Huremu hwese} = 2.015650 \, \text{u} + 2.017330 \, \text{u} = 4.032980 \, \text{u}
\]
2. Kuverenga Hurema Hwemuviri:
\[
\text{Mass Defect} (\Delta m) = \text{Huwandu hwese} – \text{Nyukiresi hushoma}
\]
\[
\Delta m = 4.032980 \, \text{u} – 4.002603 \, \text{u} = 0.030377 \, \text{u}
\]
Kukanganisika kwehukuru hweHelium-4 nucleus i0.030377 u.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 2: Kuverenga Simba Rinobatanidza
Mubvunzo:
Uchishandisa dambudziko rehukuru kubva pamuenzaniso wekutanga, verenga simba rinosunga reHelium-4 nucleus. (Zvichipiwa: 1 u = 931.5 MeV/c²)
Kukurukurirana:
1. Kushandura Hurema hweMasimba kuita Simba:
Simba rinosunga (\(E\)) rinoverengerwa uchishandisa equation \(E = \Delta m \times c^2\). Pano, \(c^2\) mumayuniti anoshandiswa zvakanyanya eMeV/u i931.5 MeV/u.
\[
E = 0.030377 \, \text{u} \times 931.5 \, \text{MeV/u}
\]
\[
E = 28.299 \, \text{MeV}
\]
Simba rinosunga reHelium-4 nucleus i28.299 MeV.
2. Kuverenga Simba Rinobatanidza PaNucleon:
Helium-4 ine manucleon mana (maprotoni maviri nemautron maviri). Kuti tiwane simba rinosunga panucleon imwe neimwe, tinokamura simba rose rinosunga nenhamba yemanucleon:
\[
\text{Simba rinosunga pa nucleon imwe neimwe} = \frac{28.299 \, \text{MeV}}{4} = 7.075 \, \text{MeV/nucleon}
\]
Pfungwa Dzakadzama
Kunzwisisa simba rinobatana panucleon imwe neimwe kwakakosha pakuona kugadzikana kwenyukireya; kana kukosha uku kwakakwira, nucleus inogadzikana zvakanyanya. Nuclei ine simba rinobatana panucleon imwe neimwe inowanzo ramba zvakanyanya kukanganiswa nekuita senge fission kana fusion.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 3: Kuenzanisa Simba Rinobatanidza
Mubvunzo:
Enzanisa simba rinosunga panucleon imwe neimwe yeatomu mbiri dzinotevera: Deuterium (\(^2_1H\)) nehuremu hwenyukireya hwe2.014102 u neHelium-4 kubva pamuenzaniso wapfuura, uye verenga musiyano. Huremu hweproton i1.007825 u uye huremu hweneutron i1.008665 u.
Kukurukurirana:
1. Deuterium (\(^2_1H\)):
- Huwandu Hwese hweMapurotoni neNeutron:
Huremu hwese = 1 × 1.007825 u + 1 × 1.008665 u = 2.016490 u
- Deuterium Mass Defect:
\[
\Delta m = 2.016490 \, \text{u} – 2.014102 \, \text{u} = 0.002388 \, \text{u}
\]
- Simba Rinosunga Deuterium:
\[
E = 0.002388 \, \text{u} \times 931.5 \, \text{MeV/u} = 2.223 \, \text{MeV}
\]
- Simba Rinobatanidza PaDeuterium Nucleon:
Nekuti Deuterium ine manyukireoni maviri (proton imwe neutron imwe),
\[
\frac{2.223 \, \text{MeV}}{2} = 1.1115 \, \text{MeV/nucleon}
\]
2. Kuenzanisa uye Mhedziso:
Simba rinosunga panucleon imwe neimwe yeHelium-4: 7.075 MeV/nucleon
Simba rinosunga panucleon imwe neimwe yeDeuterium: 1.1115 MeV/nucleon
Musiyano:
\[
7.075 \, \text{MeV/nucleon} – 1.1115 \, \text{MeV/nucleon} = 5.9635 \, \text{MeV/nucleon}
\]
Kubva mukuenzanisa uku, tinogona kuona kuti Helium-4 yakagadzikana kupfuura Deuterium, sezvinoratidzwa nesimba rayo rakakwira rekusunga pa nucleon imwe neimwe.
Mhedziso
Kunzwisisa hurema hwemasumbu uye simba rekubatanidza zvinhu kwakakosha mufizikisi yenyukireya uye kunopa nzwisiso yekugadzikana kwenyukireya. Nekuverenga simba rekubatanidza zvinhu, tinogona kufanotaura reactivity uye kugadzikana kwemamwe ma isotopes. Pfungwa idzi hadzisi dzakakosha chete mufizikisi yedzidziso asiwo dzine mashandisirwo anoshanda, kusanganisira mukugadzira simba renyukireya uye tsvakiridzo yeastrophysical. Nekudzidzira matambudziko akaita seari pamusoro apa, kugona kwedu kunzwisisa nekushandisa pfungwa idzi dzakaoma kuchawedzera.
