Mibvunzo Yemuenzaniso Pakukurukurirana Kwechiedza Chinooneka
Pendauluan
Chiedza chinoonekwa chikamu che electromagnetic spectrum chinoonekwa neziso remunhu. Hurefu hwe wavelength hwechiedza chinoonekwa hunosvika 380 kusvika 740 nanometers. Chiedza ichi chine mavara akasiyana-siyana anogona kupatsanurwa kuburikidza ne refraction kana diffraction. Chiitiko ichi chinowanzo dzidzwa mufizikisi, kunyanya muchitsauko che optics.
Chiedza imhando yesimba rinokosha muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye inyaya huru mumatambudziko akasiyana-siyana efizikisi. Muchinyorwa chino, tichakurukura mienzaniso yakati wandei yematambudziko uye maitiro ekugadzirisa ane chekuita nechiedza chinoonekwa.
Mibvunzo yemuenzaniso nekukurukurirana
Mubvunzo 1: Spectrum yeChiedza Chichena
Prism yegirazi inoshandiswa kupatsanura chiedza chichena mumavara acho. Nyora mavara anokonzerwa nekusachinja kwechiedza chichena kuburikidza neprism, kubva pahurefu hwewavelength hupfupi kusvika pahurefu hwewavelength.
Kukurukurirana:
Chiedza chichena chinoumbwa nemavara akasiyana ane marefu akasiyana ewavelength. Kana chiedza chichena chikapfuura nemuprism, chikamu chega chega cheruvara chinokotama pakona yakasiyana zvichienderana newavelength yacho. Kurongeka kwemavara kubva pawavelength pfupi kusvika kune refu ndekwekuti:
1. Pepuru
2. Bhuruu
3. Girini
4. Yero
5. Orenji
6. Tsvuku
Ruvara rwepepuru rune urefu hwemarefu mapfupi (~380 nm) uye runotsauswa zvakanyanya, nepo ruvara rutsvuku rune urefu hwemarefu marefu (~700 nm) uye runotsauswa zvishoma.
Mubvunzo 2: Refractive Index
Mwenje we monochromatic une wavelength ye 600 nm uri mumvura ine refractive index ye \(n\). Mwenje unopinda mune yechipiri medium, kureva girazi rine refractive index ye 1,5. Verenga kona ye refraction kana kona ye incidence mumvura iri 30 degrees. Refractive index yemvura iri 1,33.
Kukurukurirana:
Shandisa mutemo waSnell, unoti:
\[ n_1 \chivi \theta_1 = n_2 \chivi \theta_2 \]
Zvakapihwa:
– Chiratidzo chemvura chinodzorwa, \( n_1 = 1,33 \)
– Chiratidzo chegirazi chinodzorwa, \( n_2 = 1,5 \)
– Angle yekuitika mumvura, \( \theta_1 = 30^\circ \)
Saka:
\[ 1,33 \chivi 30^\circ = 1,5 \chivi \theta_2 \]
Sezvo \(\sin 30^\circ = 0,5\), tsiva mu equation:
\[ 1,33 \kawa 0,5 = 1,5 \sin \theta_2 \]
\[ 0,665 = 1,5 \chivi \theta_2 \]
\[ \sin \theta_2 = \frac{0,665}{1,5} \]
\[ \chivi \theta_2 = 0,4433 \]
Tsvaga kona yekurefraction \( \theta_2 \):
\[ \theta_2 = \chivi^{-1}(0,4433) \inenge 26,4^\circ \]
Saka, kona yekurefraction mugirazi \(\theta_2 \) inenge madhigirii 26,4.
Mubvunzo 3: Kupindirana kwechiedza
Mipata miviri yakamanikana yakafanana, yakaparadzaniswa nedaro \(d = 0,1\) mm, inovhenekerwa nechiedza che monochromatic chine wavelength ye \(\lambda = 500\) nm. Chiedza ichi chinoburitsa patani yekupindira pachidzitiro chiri 2 m kubva pamipata. Verenga daro riri pakati pemabhandi maviri akatevedzana akajeka pachidzitiro.
Kukurukurirana:
Shandisa equation iyi kuti uone daro riri pakati pemabhandi maviri akajeka akatevedzana muchimiro che "two-slit interference pattern":
\[ \Delta y = \frac{\lambda L}{d} \]
Zvakapihwa:
– Kureba kwechiedza, \( \lambda = 500 \kawa 10^{-9} \) mamita
– Kureba kubva pamusuwo kusvika pachiratidziro, \( L = 2 \) mamita
– Daro riri pakati pemipata miviri, \( d = 0,1 \times 10^{-3} \) mamita
Tsiva tsika idzi:
\[ \Delta y = \frac{500 \times 10^{-9} \text{ m} \times 2 \text{ m}}{0,1 \times 10^{-3} \text{ m}} \]
\[ \Delta y = \frac{1000 \times 10^{-9} \text{ m}}{0,1 \times 10^{-3} \text{ m}} \]
\[ \Delta y = \frac{1000 \kawa 10^{-9}}{10^{-4}} \]
\[ \Delta y = 10^{-5 + 4} \]
\[ \Delta y = 10^{-1} \]
\[ \Delta y = 0,01 \chinyorwa{m} \]
Saka, daro riri pakati pemabhandi maviri akatevedzana akajeka ari pachiratidziro i 0,01 metres kana 1 cm.
Mubvunzo 4: Kupatsanurwa kwechiedza
Chiedza chine urefu hwemafungu e \( \lambda = 600 \) nm chinopfuura nemugomba rimwe chete rine upamhi hwe \(a = 0,02 \) mm. Patani yekuyerera inotorwa pachidzitiro chiri mamita matatu kubva pamugomba. Verenga upamhi hwebhandi rekutanga rerima kubva pakati pepatani yekuyerera.
Kukurukurirana:
Shandisa equation yehupamhi hwebhendi rekutanga rerima (pattern ye diffraction ine slit imwe chete):
\[ y = \frac{m \lambda L}{a} \]
Kune bhendi rekutanga rerima, \( m = 1 \):
\[ y = \frac{1 \times 600 \times 10^{-9} \text{ m} \times 3 \text{ m}}{0,02 \times 10^{-3} \text{ m}} \]
Kutsiva tsika:
\[ y = \frac{600 \nguva 10^{-9} \text{ m} \nguva 3 \text{ m}}{0,02 \nguva 10^{-3} \text{ m}} \]
\[ y = \frac{1800 \times 10^{-9} \text{ m}}{0,02 \times 10^{-3} \text{ m}} \]
\[ y = \frac{1800}{0,02} \kawa 10^{-6} \text{m} \]
\[ y = \frac{1800}{0,02} \kawa 10^{-6} \text{m} \]
\[ y = 90000 \kawa 10^{-6} \zvinyorwa{ m} \]
\[ y = 0,09 \chinyorwa{ m} \]
Saka, upamhi hwebhandi rekutanga rerima kubva pakati pepatani ye diffraction i 0,09 metres kana 9 cm.
Mhedziso
Chiedza chinoonekwa inzvimbo ye electromagnetic spectrum inoonekwa neziso remunhu uye chakakosha pazviitiko zve optical zvakaita se refraction, interference, uye diffraction. Kunzwisisa pfungwa huru uye kukwanisa kugadzirisa matambudziko ane chekuita nezviitiko izvi kwakakosha kuvadzidzi nevatsvagurudzi. Muchinyorwa chino, taongorora mienzaniso yakati wandei yezvinetso, yakazara netsananguro, kutibatsira kunzwisisa kuti chiedza chinoonekwa chinoshanda sei ne medium uye chinogadzira zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zve optical. Nekunzwisisa kuri nani, tinogona kuongorora mamwe mashandisirwo echiedza chinoonekwa musainzi ne tekinoroji.
