Maitiro Ekuverenga Periodic Table: Gwaro Rakazara
Tafura yeperiodic ndeimwe yezvishandiso zvinonyanya kukosha uye zvinokosha mumunda wekemikari. Yakaumbwa nezvinhu 118 zvakasimbiswa kusvika nhasi, ihurongwa hwakajairika hwezvinhu zvemakemikari, zvichipa masayendisiti, vadzidzisi, nevadzidzi ruzivo rwakakosha pakarepo. Chinyorwa chino chine chinangwa chekupa gwara rakadzama asi rinonzwisisika rekuti ungaverenga sei nekududzira tafura yeperiodic zvinobudirira.
Nhanganyaya kuPeriodic Table
Tafura yeperiodic yakatanga kugadzirwa naDmitri Mendeleev muna 1869. Akaronga zvinhu neatomu uye akaona kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvinodzoka nguva nenguva. Nhasi uno, tafura yeperiodic yemazuva ano yakarongwa neatomu nhamba (nhamba yemaprotoni ari munucleus yeatomu), kwete atomu huwandu. Kurongeka kwetafura yeperiodic kunoratidza mapatani akajairwa anobatsira masayendisiti kufanotaura hunhu hwezvinhu.
Chimiro chePeriodic Table
Tafura yeperiodic yakakamurwa kuita mitsara nemakoramu anozivikanwa semaperiods nemapoka.
– Nguva: Aya ndiwo mitsara yakataramuka iri patafura. Nguva yega yega inoenderana nesimba rakawanda remaerekitironi muatomu yechinhu ichocho.
– Mapoka: Aya ndiwo makoramu akamira. Zvinhu zviri muboka rimwe chete zvinowanzova nemaitiro akafanana emakemikari nekuti zvine huwandu hwakaenzana hwemaerekitironi evalence.
Zvakakosha Zvikamu
Heano zvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha zvaunowana pane chero tafura yeperiodic yakajairwa:
– Nhamba yeAtomu: Nhamba iyi, iri pamusoro pechiratidzo chechinhu, yakaenzana nehuwandu hwemapurotoni ari muatomu.
– Chiratidzo chechinhu: Chinhu chimwe nechimwe chinomiririrwa nechidimbu chine bhii rimwe kana maviri, chinowanzo torwa kubva pazita racho rechiRungu kana rechiLatin.
– Atomu Mass: Kazhinji inoratidzwa pasi pechiratidzo chechinhu, izvi zvinoratidza avhareji yehuremu hwemaatomu echinhu, zvichiverengera ma isotopes akasiyana uye kuwanda kwawo.
– Zita reChinhu: Zita repamutemo rechinhu ichi, rinowanzo nyorwa pasi pehuwandu hweatomu.
Kunzwisisa Mabhuroko
Tafura yeperiodic inogona kupatsanurwa kuita mabhuroko mana akasiyana: s-block, p-block, d-block, uye f-block, ayo anomiririra mhando dzakasiyana dzema orbitals ayo maerekitironi e valence echinhu anogara.
– s-block: Inosanganisira Mapoka 1 ne2, pamwe neHydrogen neHelium. Zvinhu zviri mubhokisi iri zvine maerekitironi azvo ekunze mu s orbital.
– p-block: Inosanganisira Mapoka 13 kusvika 18. Pano, maerekitironi ekunze anogara mu ap orbitals.
– d-block: Inosanganisira Mapoka 3 kusvika 12, anowanzonzi transition metals, uko maerekitironi ekunze ari mu d orbitals.
– f-block: Inozivikanwa se lanthanides ne actinides, idzi dzinowanzoiswa pasi petafura huru uye dzinosanganisira kuzadza ma orbitals e f.
Hunhu hweBoka
Simbi dzeAlkali (Boka 1)
Simbi idzi, dzinosanganisira zvinhu zvakaita seLithium (Li) neSodium (Na), dzinoshanda zvakanyanya, kunyanya kana dziine mvura. Dzine electron imwe chete yevalence, yadzinowanzo rasa nyore nyore, dzichigadzira +1 ions.
Simbi dzeNyika dzeAlkaline (Boka 2)
Boka iri rinosanganisira Beryllium (Be) neMagnesium (Mg). Simbi idzi dzinoitawo sedzinochinja-chinja asi hadzisi dzealkali. Dzine maerekitironi maviri evalence uye dzinowanzo gadzira +2 ions.
Simbi Dzekuchinja (Mapoka 3-12)
Simbi idzi, dzakadai seIron (Fe) neCopper (Cu), dzinozivikanwa nekukwanisa kwadzo kugadzira mamiriro e oxidation anochinja-chinja uye makemikari ane mavara. Dzinowanzova nenzvimbo dzakanyanya kunyunguduka uye dzinofambisa magetsi zvakanaka.
MaHalogen (Boka 17)
Ma halogen, anosanganisira Fluorine (F) neChlorine (Cl), haashandi zvakanaka. Ane ma electron manomwe e valence uye anowanzo gadzira electron imwe chete kuti iumbe ma -1 ions.
Magasi Akanaka (Boka 18)
Zvinhu zvakaita seHelium (He) neNeon (Ne) zvakagadzikana uye hazvishande nekuda kwekuva nemagoko evalence akazara. Igasi patembiricha yemumba uye rinowanzoshandiswa mumwenje nekuchengetedza chando.
Maitiro Enguva
Hunhu hwezvinhu hunowanzo shanduka nenzira inofungidzirwa mukati menguva kana pasi peboka. Heano mamwe maitiro akakosha:
– Atomic Radius: Izvi zvinowanzodzikira mukati menguva kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi nekuda kwekuwedzera kwesimba renyukireya richikwevera maerekitironi pedyo nenucleus. Kusiyana neizvi, zvinodzikira muboka sezvo mamwe maerekitironi anowedzerwa.
– Simba reIonization: Simba rinodiwa kubvisa erekitironi kubva muatomu rinowedzera mukati menguva nekuda kwekuwanda kwesimba renyukireya. Rinodzikira muboka sezvo kudzivirira maerekitironi kunoita kuti maerekitironi ekunze ave nyore kubvisa.
– Kugona kweElectronegativity: Kugona kweatomu kukwezva maerekitironi mukemikari bond kunowedzera mukati menguva uye kunoderera muboka, Fluorine (F) iriyo inonyanya kuomesa maerekitironi.
Applications Applications
Tafura yeperiodic haisi chishandiso chedzidziso chete; ine mashandisirwo akawanda anoshanda muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana:
– Chemistry: Kufanotaura maitiro uye makemikari, kunzwisisa hunhu hwezvinhu.
– Mishonga: Kugadzira mishonga nekurapa, zvakaita sekushandisa radioactive isotopes mukurapa kenza.
- Uinjiniya: Kusarudzwa kwezvinhu zvekushandisa zvakasiyana zvichienderana nehunyanzvi hwakadai sekufambiswa kwemhepo, reactivity, uye simba.
– Sainzi Yezvakatipoteredza: Kunzwisisa nekugadzirisa kusvibiswa, kudzokorodza, uye kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvinogara kwenguva refu.
mhedziso
Tafura ye periodic chishandiso chine simba chinosanganisira ruzivo rwakakura nezvezvinhu zvemakemikari uye hukama hwazvo. Nekunzwisisa chimiro chazvo uye mafambiro azvinoburitsa, unogona kufanotaura maitiro ezvinhu nezvinhu zvinosanganiswa nazvo. Ungave uri mudzidzi achangotanga kudzidza kemesitiri, nyanzvi mune imwe ndima ine chekuita nazvo, kana kungova nepfungwa dzinoda kuziva, kugona tafura ye periodic idanho rakakosha murwendo rwako rwesainzi.
