Kugadzirwa kweChaja Nekushandisa Simba Rakawanda
Kudiwa kwemidziyo yemagetsi inotakurika—yakadai semafoni, malaptop, mapiritsi, mawachi emazuva ano, uye kunyange michina yeInternet of Things (IoT)—kwakaita kuti machaja ave chikamu chehupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva. Zvisinei, shure kweizvi zviri nyore pane dambudziko rinowanzo furatirwa: kushandisa simba zvakanaka. Machaja asingashande zvakanaka haangononotsiridzi kuchaja chete, asiwo anopedza simba muchimiro chekupisa, anowedzera kushandiswa kwemagetsi, anopfupisa hupenyu hwebhatiri, uye anobatsira zvakanyanya mukuburitsa kabhoni. Nokudaro, kugadzira machaja ane simba rakawanda rave chinhu chakakosha muindasitiri yemazuva ano yemagetsi.
Sei Kushanda NemaChaja Kwakakosha?
Kushanda zvakanaka kwechaja kunoreva kuti simba remagetsi rinobva kunobva kupi (wall socket kana USB port) rinopinda uye rinochengetwa mubhatiri zvichienzaniswa nesimba rinorasika panguva yekushandura. Kana kushanda zvakanaka kwacho kwakanyanya, simba shoma rinorasika. Kazhinji, machaja emhando yepamusoro anogona kushanda zvakanaka kupfuura 88–94% pasi pemamwe mamiriro ekushanda, nepo machaja akachipa kana magadzirirwo ekare anogona kunge akaderera zvakanyanya, kunyanya kana paine zvinhu zvishoma (semuenzaniso, kana mudziyo wava kuda kuchaja zvizere).
Kushanda zvakanaka kunoenderanawo nekupisa. Kupisa kwakanyanya hakusi chiratidzo chesimba rinopera chete, asiwo chinhu chinokurumidza kuparara kwezvikamu, zvinosanganisira ma capacitor, maMOSFET, uye kunyange mabhatiri ari mumidziyo iri kuchajwa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, machaja anoshanda zvakanaka anowanzova akasimba, akachengeteka, uye asingakuvadzi nharaunda.
Nheyo dzeTekinoroji yeChaja Yemazuva Ano
Machaja emazuva ano anowanzo shandisa Switched-Mode Power Supply (SMPS), pane kushandisa linear regulators dzekare. SMPS dzinoshanda nekukurumidza "kuchinja" magetsi uchishandisa power transistor, dzobva dzatamisa simba kuburikidza ne high-frequency transformer, zvichiteverwa nedanho rekugadzirisa nekusefa. Nzira iyi inobvumira saizi diki uye kushanda zvakanaka, asi inoda dhizaini chaiyo kuderedza kurasikirwa kwekuchinja uye conduction.
Kune nzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzakakosha apo hunyanzvi hutsva hwakanangana nekuvandudza mashandiro:
1. Topology yesimba rekushandura
2. Zvikamu zveSemiconductor (MOSFET, diode, controller)
3. Kutarisira kupisa uye kurongeka kwePCB
4. Kutaurirana nezvemagetsi (kuchaja nekukurumidza) uye kudzora kuchaja
5. Kushanda zvakanaka pasi pemutoro wakareruka uye mode isina basa
MaTopologi eConverter: Kubva kuFlyback kuenda kuLLC neGaN
Kune macharger madiki kusvika pakati nepakati, flyback topology ichiri kufarirwa nekuda kwekureruka kwayo uye mutengo wayo wakaderera. Zvisinei, flybacks dzechinyakare dzine miganho yekushanda zvakanaka sezvo simba richikwira. Kune macharger emagetsi akakwira—akadai se65W–140W laptop—vagadziri vari kushandisa matopology anoshanda zvakanyanya akadai seLLC resonant converters, active clamp flybacks, kana musanganiswa nePFC (Power Factor Correction) stage.
- Kubhururuka kwe clamp kunoshanda kunoderedza kurasikirwa kwe switching nekushandisa simba rinowanzo shandiswa kana transistor yadzimwa, nokudaro zvichiwedzera kushanda zvakanaka uye kudzvinyirira EMI (electromagnetic interference).
- LLC resonant inobvumira kuchinja pasi pemamiriro e "soft switching" (ZVS/ZCS), zvichiita kuti kurasikirwa kwekuchinja kuve kudiki, kunyanya kana paine simba rakawanda.
Kunze kwe topology, imwe nzira huru ndeyekushandiswa kwezvinhu zvitsva zve semiconductor.
Basa reVanokonzeresa Masimba: GaN neSiC
Kwemakore, ma semiconductor akavakirwa pa silicon (Si) ndiwo aive akajairwa. Zvisinei, sezvo zvinangwa zvekushanda nesimba uye kuwanda kwesimba zvakawedzera, kwakava nekudiwa kwezvikamu zvinokwanisa kuchinja nekukurumidza nekurasikirwa kushoma. Apa ndipo panoshanda Gallium Nitride (GaN) neSilicon Carbide (SiC).
- GaN inonyanya kufarirwa nemachaja evatengi nekuti inobvumira mafrequency ekuchinja akakwira, matransformer madiki, uye kurasikirwa nekuchinja kwakaderera. Mugumisiro wacho: machaja akamanikana, anotonhorera, uye anoshanda zviri nani.
– SiC inonyanya kushandiswa pakushandisa magetsi ane simba guru semotokari dzemagetsi, asi musimboti wacho wakafanana: kuderedza kurasikirwa kwemagetsi uye kuwedzera kuvimbika pakupisa kwakanyanya.
NeGaN, vagadziri vanogona kugadzira machaja e65W kana kunyange 100W madiki zvikuru pane machaja ekare esilicon, vasingakanganisi kuchengetedzeka.
Kugadziriswa Kwakafanana: Kuderedza Kurasikirwa Muchikamu Chekubuda
Kudivi remagetsi anobuda, chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvinokonzera kurasikirwa i rectifier. Ma diode echinyakare ane kudonha kwemagetsi epamberi ayo anobvisa simba sekupisa. Kuti vawedzere kushanda zvakanaka, ma charger mazhinji emazuva ano anoshandisa synchronous rectification, achitsiva ma diode ne MOSFET dzakanyatsodzorwa, zvichikonzera kurasikirwa kwakaderera kwe conduction.
Kana magetsi akakwira, musiyano uyu wakakosha. Kunyangwe kuwedzera zvishoma muzana mukushanda zvakanaka kunogona kuderedza zvakanyanya tembiricha uye kuvandudza kubuda kwemhepo nguva dzose pasina kupisa kwakanyanya.
Kugadziriswa kweSisitimu yeSimba uye Kushanda zvakanaka kweSisitimu
Kune vanochaja vane simba guru, kushanda zvakanaka hakuyerwi chete nekubuda kweDC asiwo nehunhu hwesimba rinotorwa kubva kune network yeAC. PFC inobatsira kuvandudza simba kuitira kuti current drawn ienderane zvakanyanya neAC voltage, zvichideredza kurasikirwa kwenetwork uye kuderedza harmonics.
Mitemo yakawanda yepasi rose inoda PFC kune mamwe ma adapter emagetsi. Kushandiswa kwakakodzera kwePFC kunotsigira kushanda zvakanaka uye kunoderedza mutoro pakuisa magetsi, kunyanya munzvimbo dzine michina yakawanda yakabatana.
Kudzora Kuchaja uye Protocol Yekuchaja Nekukurumidza
Kushanda nesimba zvakanyanya hazvirevi kungowedzera simba remagetsi zvakanyanya sezvinobvira. Machaja emazuva ano anofanirwa kukwanisa kugadzirisa simba zvinoenderana nemamiriro ebhatiri. Maitiro ekuchaja lithium-ion anowanzo pfuura nepakati penguva yemagetsi (CC) inoteverwa nechikamu chemagetsi (CV). Muchikamu chekupedzisira, simba remagetsi rinodzikira kudzivirira kushaja zvakanyanya.
Kudivi reprotocol, mitemo yakaita seUSB Power Delivery (USB-PD) nedzimwe nzira dzekuchaja dzinokurumidza dzinobvumira kutaurirana kwevoltage ne current. Semuenzaniso, kutumira voltage yakakwira (9V, 15V, kana 20V) kunogona kuderedza current yemagetsi akafanana, zvichideredza kurasikirwa kweI²R mutambo neconnectors. Zvisinei, izvi zvinoda kutarisirwa kwakanaka kwekupisa, sezvo kushandurwa kwevoltage mumudziyo kunounzawo kupisa.
Imwe nzira itsva ndeye PPS (Programmable Power Supply) muma USB-PD, iyo inobvumira magadzirirwo emagetsi akagadziriswa zvakanaka. PPS inogona kubatsira kuvandudza mashandiro ehurongwa nekuti mudziyo unowana voltage iri pedyo nezvinodiwa neinternal converter yawo, nokudaro zvichideredza kurasikirwa kwekushandura.
Dambudziko reMutoro Wakareruka uye Kushandiswa Kwakamirira
Chimwe chinhu chinowanzo furatirwa kushanda kana zvinhu zviri nyore: kana mudziyo wava kuda kuzara kana kuti charger ikasiyiwa isina mutoro. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, maSMPS mazhinji anonzwa kushanda kwakaderera nekuti switching haisisiri panzvimbo yakakodzera.
Mitemo yesimba munyika dzakasiyana-siyana inokurudzira kushandiswa kwakaderera kwemagetsi panguva yekumirira, semuenzaniso, pasi pe0,1W kana 0,2W kune mamwe maadapta. Kuti izvi zviitike zvinoda dhizaini yekutonga yakangwara: kupinda mu burst mode, skip cycle, kana sleep mode uku uchichengetedza kugadzikana uye kuchengetedzeka kwemagetsi.
Kurongeka kwePCB, Zvishandiso, uye Kutarisirwa kweThermal
Kushanda zvakanaka kunogona kunge kwakanyanya mudzidziso, asi mukuita kunogona kudzikira nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwemuviri kusingakoshi. Nzira dzePCB dzakatetepa zvakanyanya dzinowedzera kuramba, kurongeka kusina kunaka kunowedzera EMI, uye kusarudzwa kusina kunaka kwezvikamu zvisingashande (inductors, transformers, capacitors) kunowedzera kurasikirwa.
Kutarisira kupisa kwakakoshawo. Machaja anoshanda zvakanaka achiri kugadzira kupisa, asi kushoma. Kugoverwa kwekupisa kuburikidza nema mini heatsinks, thermal pads, potting compounds, kana magadzirirwo emakesi anotsigira convection nemwaranzi zvinogona kuchengetedza tembiricha yezvikamu padanho rakachengeteka. Tembiricha yakaderera zvinoreva kuti zvikamu zvakagadzikana uye hupenyu hwakareba.
Mitemo Yekuchengetedza uye Chitupa
Kugadzirwa kwechaja hakungotarisi chete pakushanda zvakanaka asiwo pakutevedzera mitemo yekuchengetedza uye yekuchengetedza magetsi. Zvitupa zvakaita seIEC/EN 62368-1, CE, FCC, uye mitemo yekushanda zvakanaka seDOE Level VI kana CoC Tier 2 zvinoshanda sezviyero. Machaja anosangana nezvinodiwa izvi anowanzo kuve nekudzivirira kwakanaka, dziviriro yemagetsi akawanda/yakawandisa, dziviriro yekupisa, uye magadzirirwo anoderedza njodzi yekubuda kwemvura.
Kushanda zvakanaka kwazvo kunofanira kufambidzana nekuchengetedzeka. Zvikamu zvinomanikidzwa kushanda pamiganhu yazvo pasina muganho zvinogona kuva nengozi, kunyanya munzvimbo dzinopisa dzine tembiricha yakakwira.
Ramangwana: Machaja Akangwara, Akawanda Epasi Rose
Kuenderera mberi, kugadzirwa kwemachaja ane simba rakawanda kuchaita kuti pave nemafambiro akati wandei:
1. Kushandiswa kwakakura kweGaN kwesimba re30–240W, kusanganisira USB-C PD yazvino.
2. Kuchaja kwakangwara kwemaport akawanda, uko kunogovanisa simba zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa nemudziyo.
3. Kubatanidzwa kweSensor ne telemetry, kunobvumira charger kutarisa tembiricha, mhando yetambo, uye kugadzirisa zvinobuda kuti zvideredze kurasikirwa.
4. Kushandiswa kweUSB-C kwakasiyana-siyana, kunoderedza marara emagetsi nekuti charger imwe chete inogona kushandiswa pamidziyo yakawanda.
5. Kugadzirisa kubva pakuguma kusvika pakuguma, kwete chete kushanda zvakanaka kweadaptara, asiwo tambo, zvinobatanidza, uye zvinoshandura zviri mukati memudziyo.
Mhedziso
Kugadzira charger ine simba rakawanda rinodiwa mumabasa akasiyana-siyana anosanganisira kusarudza topology yakakodzera ye converter, kushandisa ma semiconductor emazuva ano akadai seGaN, kushandisa synchronous rectification, kugadzirisa kupisa zvakanaka, uye kutsigira adaptive fast charging protocols se USB-PD PPS. Kushanda zvakanaka hakusi kungori nhamba chete; zvine chekuita nekuchengetedzeka, nyore kushandisa, hupenyu hwemudziyo, uye kukanganisa nharaunda.
Nekuenderera mberi kwekuvandudzwa, machaja emangwana achava madiki, anokurumidza, uye asingashandise simba zvakanyanya—zvichibatsira vashandisi ukuwo zvichitsigira kushandiswa kwemagetsi zvine hungwaru pasi rose.
Kana muchida, ndinogonawo kugadzirisa chinyorwa ichi kuti chienderane nemamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo (semuenzaniso charger yefoni ye45W, charger yelaptop ye100W, kana charger yemotokari yemagetsi), kana kuwedzera mareferensi akajairwa uye mienzaniso yemagadzirirwo ebasa renyu/zvinodiwa zvekutsvaga.
