Mavhairasi uye Kubatana Kwawo neMasero Emuviri
Mavhairasi ari pakati pezvinhu zvipenyu zvinonakidza uye zvinonetsa kunzwisisa. Haagone kurarama uye kuberekana ega semabhakitiriya kana fungi, achivimba zvizere nemasero emuviri. Kune rumwe rutivi, mavhairasi anoonekwa se "ari nyore," anosanganisira majini chete uye chifukidziro chekudzivirira. Zvisinei, kune rumwe rutivi, "akangwara" zvikuru, achishandisa michina yemuviri yesero remuviri kuti abereke. Kunzwisisa kudyidzana kwemavhairasi nemasero emuviri ndicho chinhu chakakosha pakuva nehutachiona, kugadzirwa kwejekiseni, uye kurapwa kwehutachiona.
Maumbirwo ehutachiona uye kukosha kwawo muhupenyu
Kazhinji, mavhairasi anoumbwa nezvinhu zvemajini zvakaita seDNA kana RNA (kashoma zvese zviri zviviri), zvakavharirwa mucapsid (protein inodzivirira). Mamwe mavhairasi ane envelopu ine lipid layer inobva mu membrane yemasero emugadziri, inowanzo shongedzerwa nemapuroteni epamusoro (spikes) anoshanda kuziva ma target cell receptors. Chimiro ichi chinoona kuti vhairasi inopinda sei mumasero, mhando dzemasero ainogona kutapurira (tropic), uye kugona kwayo kudzivirira immune system.
Musiyano mukuru uripo pakati pemavhairasi eDNA neRNA unokanganisawo mafambiro ehutachiona. Mavhairasi eRNA anowanzo shanduka nekukurumidza nekuti ma enzymes eRNA replication anowanzo shaya nzira dzekugadzirisa zvikanganiso (proofreading). Nekuda kweizvozvo, mavhairasi eRNA anowanzo gadzira mhando itsva nekukurumidza, izvo zvinogona kuchinja hutachiona hwawo kana kudzivirira ma antibodies.
Danho rekutanga: kubatana uye kuzivikanwa kwereceptor
Kudyidzana kwevhairasi nesero rinopinda kunotanga kana vhairasi yawana sero rakakodzera. Maitiro aya anonzi attachment, anoitika kana mapuroteni evhairasi akabatana nemareceptor chaiwo pamusoro pesero. Mareceptor aya anogona kunge ari mapuroteni, maglycoprotein, kana mamwe mamorekuru akadai seheparan sulfate. Kubatana uku kunoratidza kuti nei vhairasi ichingobata mhando dzenyama chete. Semuenzaniso, mavhairasi ane mareceptor anowanikwa mumasero e epithelial enzira yekufema anowanzo kukonzera chirwere chekufema.
Zvisinei, kubatana hakusi iko chete kunokonzera kubudirira kwehutachiona. Mavhairasi mazhinji anodawo ma co-receptors kana zvimwe zvinhu pamusoro pesero kuti atange kupinda. Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero nei mamwe marudzi evanhu kana kuti mamwe marudzi evanhu achinyanya kubatwa nemavhairasi kupfuura mamwe.
Kupinda musero: membrane fusion uye endocytosis
Mushure mekunamira, hutachiona hunofanira kuisa zvinhu zvahwo zvemajini musero. Kupinda kwehutachiona kunowanzoitwa nenzira mbiri huru. Yekutanga ndeyekubatanidza membrane, iyo inoitika mumavhairasi akaputirwa kana vhairasi ikabatana nemembrane yemasero emubatsiri. Izvi zvinobvumira capsid, kana kuti zvinhu zvemajini, kupinda mu cytoplasm.
Chechipiri i endocytosis, uko sero "rinoputira" hutachiona nekugadzira endosomal vesicle. Vhairasi iyi inofanira kubuda mu endosome isati yaparadzwa nemaitiro emasero. Mamwe mavhairasi anoshandisa shanduko mu pH mu endosome kuti atange shanduko mumapuroteni evhairasi, ayo anobva abatana ne endosomal membrane, uye oburitsa genome yevhairasi.
Nzira mbiri idzi dzinoratidza kuti hutachiona hahungopindi musero chete, asi hunonyengera kana kushandisa nzira dzakajairika dzesero kuti ripinde.
Kubvisa chifukidziro: kuvhura capsid uye kuburitsa genome
Kana hutachiona hwava mukati mesero, kuvhurwa kweganda kunoitika, kunova kubuda kwecapsid kuti kuburitse genome yehutachiona. Danho iri rakakosha nekuti genome rinofanira kuwanikwa nema enzyme emasero kana ma enzyme ehutachiona. Kuvhurwa kweganda kunowanzo kanganiswa nemamiriro emukati memasero, akadai se pH, ma enzyme eprotease, kana kusangana nemapuroteni emasero. Kana kuvhurwa kweganda kukakundikana, kutenderera kwehutachiona kunogumiswa.
Zvinofadza kuti mishonga yakawanda inorwisa mavhairasi yakagadzirwa inotarisa padanho iri. Nekudzivirira kuvharwa kweganda, hutachiona hunoramba "hwakavharirwa" mukati me capsid, zvichidzivirira kuti husabereke.
Kudzokorora uye kutaura kwemajini: kutora mashandiro esero
Danho rinotevera kudzokororwa kwemajini uye kugadzirwa kwemapuroteni ehutachiona. Apa ndipo panoshandiswa hutachiona hwehutachiona nemasero emuviri. Masero ane ribosomes ekushandura RNA kuita mapuroteni, nucleotides kuvaka DNA/RNA, uye simba (ATP) kuti rifambise biosynthesis. Mavhairasi haana zvinhu izvi, saka anorayira sero kuti ritange kugadzira zvikamu zvehutachiona.
Mavhairasi eDNA anowanzo berekana mu cell nucleus nekuti ane ma enzymes uye zvinhu zvinoita kuti DNA ibereke. Kunyange zvazvo mavhairasi mazhinji eRNA achiberekana mu cytoplasm, anowanzo takura kana kunyora enzyme inonzi RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Mamwe mavhairasi, kunyanya ma retroviruses, ane nzira yakasiyana: anoshandura RNA kuita DNA ne enzyme reverse transcriptase, obva abatanidza virus DNA mu host genome. Kubatanidzwa uku kunobvumira hutachiona hwakavanda hunonetsa kubvisa.
Nekuda kwehuwandu hwemavhairasi, masero anowanzo shanduka zvikuru: kugadzirwa kwemapuroteni kwakajairika kunodzikira, nzira dzekuchinja kwemasero dzinochinjwa, uye masisitimu ekudzora kutenderera kwemasero anogona kukanganiswa. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, shanduko idzi dzinobatsira pakuchinja kwemasero kuita kenza, sezvinoitika kune mamwe mavhairasi anokanganisa kurongeka kwekukura kwemasero.
Kuunganidzwa kwehutachiona uye kukura
Kana zvikamu zvemavhairasi—genome, capsid, uye mapuroteni anotsigira—zvagadzirwa, danho rinotevera nderekuungana. Zvikamu izvi zvinounganidzwa kuita mavirioni matsva. Maitiro aya haangoitiki ega ega; mamwe mavhairasi anoda kuungana kwakanangana, rubatsiro rwemapuroteni "ekuperekedza", kana nzvimbo dzakatarwa mukati mesero dzinonzi mafekitori emavhairasi.
Mamwe mavhairasi anokurawo, kuchinja kwemaumbirwo kunoita kuti virion ipararire. Kana isina kukura, tupukanana twemavhairasi twunogona kuumbwa asi hahukwanise kutapurira mamwe masero.
Kusunungurwa: lysis kana budding
Mavirioni matsva anofanira kubuda musero kuti atapukire mamwe masero. Pane nzira mbiri huru dzekuita izvi. Mavhairasi asina kuvharwa anowanzobuda kuburikidza ne lysis, uko sero rinoputika rofa. Izvi zvinowanzo kukonzera kukuvara kukuru kwenyama uye zvinokonzera kuzvimba.
Mavhairasi akaputirwa anowanzobuda nepaburi remuviri, ndipo paanobuda kubva paburi remuviri remuviri otora chikamu cheburi remuviri seburi remuviri. Maitiro ekubuda kwemuviri haawanzo uraya sero zvakananga, asi anogona kunetesa sero nekuchinja mashandiro emuviri. Uyezve, nekuti buri remuviri rinobva paburi remuviri, vhairasi rinogona "kuzvivanza" zvishoma kubva mudziviriro yemuviri.
Mhinduro dzemasero eHost: dziviriro nemigumisiro yadzo
Masero emugadziri haangopindi pabonde. Kana angobatwa nechirwere, ane system yekuziva immune system inoziva maitiro ehutachiona, akadai seRNA ine tambo mbiri. Masero acho anobva agadzira interferon nemamwe mamorekuru ekutumira mameseji kumasero ari pedyo uye kuita kuti immune system ishande.
Zvisinei, mavhairasi akagadzira nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekunzvenga dziviriro idzi. Mamwe mavhairasi anodzivirira kugadzirwa kweinterferon, anovhara kuonekwa kweantigen, kana kuvanza majini awo mukati mezvikamu zvemembrane. Mamwe anodzvinyirira apoptosis (kufa kwemasero kwakarongwa) kuti masero arambe ari mupenyu kwenguva yakareba zvakakwana kuti agadzire mavhairasi akawanda.
Kusangana uku kwe "kurwisa nekudzivirira" kunosarudza kana hutachiona huchapera nekukurumidza, huchigara kwenguva refu, kana kuti huchikura kuita chirwere chakakomba.
Kukanganisa kwekiriniki uye kukosha kwekunzwisisa kudyidzana pakati pehutachiona nehutachiona
Kubva pamaonero ehutano, kunzwisisa kudyidzana kwehutachiona nhanho nhanho nemasero anogamuchira kunobatsira masayendisiti kuona kusasimba kwawo. Majekiseni anowanzo gadzirwa kudzivirira kubatana kwehutachiona kana kupinda mumasero nekugadzira masoja anodzivisa kupararira kwehutachiona anotarisa mapuroteni ari pamusoro. Mishonga inorwisa mavhairasi, kune rumwe rutivi, inogona kurwisa ma enzymes anobatanidzwa mukuberekana kwehutachiona, kusunungura, kukura, kana kuburitswa.
Uyezve, tsvakiridzo yehutachiona yakapa mabhenefiti akawanda kubiology. Pfungwa dzakawanda dzakakosha mu molecular genetics dzinobva mukudzidza kwemavhairasi, kusanganisira nzira dzekunyora, kushandura, uye kudzora majini.
Penutup
Mavhairasi anosungirwa tupukanana tunopinda mumasero tunotsamira pamasero emuviri kuti tirarame uye tibereke. Kudyidzana kwadzo nemasero emuviri kunosanganisira kubatana, kupinda, kusunungura, kudzokorodza, kuungana, uye kusunungura. Padanho rega rega, "kurwa" kunoitika pakati pehurongwa hwehutachiona hwekutora michina yesero uye kuedza kwesero remuviri kuzvidzivirira. Nekunzwisisa hukama uhwu zvakadzama, tinogona kugadzira nzira dzinoshanda dzekudzivirira nekurapa, ukuwo tichiwedzera kunzwisisa kwedu mashandiro anoita hupenyu padanho remasero.
