MaGenome eProkaryotic muMolecular Biology
Ma genome eprokaryotic ibwe guru rekuvaka biology yemamorekuru, zvichiratidza kuti hupenyu, padanho rayo riri nyore, hunochengeta, hunoratidza, uye hunotumira ruzivo rwemajini. Ma prokaryotes—anosanganisira mabhakitiriya ne archaea—ane masangano e genome akamanikana zvichienzaniswa nema eukaryotes, asi anoshanda semuenzaniso wakakodzera wekunzwisisa misimboti yekutanga yekudzokororwa kweDNA, kutonga kwemajini, kushanduka, uye kushanduka-shanduka. Nekufambira mberi mu sequencing uye bioinformatics tekinoroji, kudzidza ma prokaryotic genomes kunoitawo basa guru mukurapa, biotechnology, uye sainzi yezvakatipoteredza.
Hunhu hwese hwema genome eprokaryotic
Kazhinji, ma genome e prokaryotic iDNA ine tambo mbiri uye anowanzo kurongeka se chromosome imwe chete yakatenderera iri munzvimbo ye nucleoid (pane mu nucleus, sezvo ma prokaryotes asina membrane ye nuclear). Kunyange hazvo "chromosome imwe chete yakatenderera" ichiwanzotaurwa sehunhu, pane zvimwe zvakasiyana: mamwe mabhakitiriya ane ma chromosome akawanda, kana kuti ma linear chromosomes. Ma prokaryotic genomes akasiyana muhukuru, kubva pamamiriyoni 0,1-1 e base pairs muma bacteria ane parasitic anonyanya kuvimba ne host yawo, kusvika pamamiriyoni gumi e base pairs muma bacteria evhu ane hunyanzvi hwakakura hwe metabolic.
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha ndechekuwanda kwemajini. Mumajini eprokaryotic, DNA yakawanda inonyorwa, ine ma sequence mashoma asinganyore pane eukaryotes. Izvi zvine chekuita nekushanduka-shanduka kwezvinhu: maprokaryotes anowanzo chengeta majini anopa zvakanakira kugadzirisa munzvimbo yakatarwa. Majini aya anowanzo batanidzwa zvakanyanya, uye mazhinji akarongwa nemabasa.
Maumbirwo ejini uye kurongeka kweoperon
Imwe yepfungwa huru dzinoita kuti ma genome e prokaryotic ave akakosha mu molecular biology i operon. Operon iyuniti ye transcriptional ine majini akawanda ekuvaka anodzorwa ne promoter imwe chete uye kazhinji inoshanda. Iyi patani inobvumira majini akawanda anoshanda munzira imwechete ye metabolic kuti aratidzwe panguva imwe chete. Muenzaniso wekare i lac operon mu Escherichia coli, iyo inodzora kushandiswa kwe lactose. Muenzaniso we operon ndiwo hwaro hwekunzwisisa kwemazuva ano kwekutonga kwemajini kuburikidza nekudyidzana kweDNA-protein, repressors, uye inducers.
Mumaprokaryotes, kunyorwa uye kushandurwa zvinogona kuitikawo panguva imwe chete nekuti hapana kupatsanurwa kwezvikamu zvakaita senucleus yesero. Kana RNA polymerase yatanga kugadzira mRNA, ribosomes dzinogona kuibatanidza nekuishandura ipapo ipapo. Mugumisiro wehupenyu imhinduro inokurumidza zvikuru kune shanduko dzenharaunda—semuenzaniso, kuwanikwa kwezvinovaka muviri, kushushikana kwe oxidative, kana shanduko dzetembiricha.
Kudzokorora DNA nezvinhu zvakakosha
MaProkaryotic genomes anoberekana kuburikidza ne semi-conservative mechanism, sezvimwe zvipenyu zvese. Zvisinei, maProkaryotes anowanzova nekwakabva kumwe chete kwekuberekana (ori) pamachromosomes avo, akadai seoriC muE. coli. Kubva panguva iyi, kuberekana kunoramba kuri munzira mbiri. Mapuroteni akakosha akadai seDNA helicase, primase, DNA polymerase, uye ligase anoshanda pamwe chete kuti aite zvakafanana neDNA nemazvo.
Biology yemamorekuru inoongorora kuti mwero wekuberekana, kudzora kutenderera kwemasero, uye masisitimu ekugadzirisa DNA zvinovimbisa sei kugadzikana kwegenome. MaProkaryote ane nzira dzakasiyana dzekugadzirisa, dzakadai sekugadzirisa zvisina kurongeka uye kugadzirisa nucleotide excision. Kunyangwe zviri nyore, masisitimu aya anoshanda zvakanyanya, uye kukundikana kwawo kunogona kuwedzera mwero wekuchinja, izvo zvinokurumidzisa kushanduka kana kukonzera kusawirirana nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya.
Maplasmid neDNA ye extrachromosome
Pamusoro pekromosome huru, maprokaryotes mazhinji ane maplasmid—mamorekuru madiki eDNA akatenderera anokwanisa kudzokororwa ega. Maplasmid anowanzo takura majini anopa zvakanakira zvakasiyana, zvakaita semajini asingashandise maantibiotic, zvinhu zvinokonzera hutachiona, kana kugona kushandisa macompounds chaiwo. Kubva pamaonero ebiology yemamorekuru, maplasmid akakosha nekuti anoshanda se "mota" dzechisikigo dzekufambisa majini pakati pemabhakitiriya uye anoshanda sevectors muinjiniya yemagene.
Murabhoritari, maplasmid anoshandiswa pakugadzira magene cloning, kugadzira mapuroteni akasanganiswa (semuenzaniso, insulin), uye kugadzira masystem ekutaura. Zvinhu zviri mumaplasmid—zvakadai sekwakabva kudzokororwa, zviratidzo zvekusarudza, uye nzvimbo dzakawanda dzekugadzira magene cloning—zvinobvumira vaongorori kugadzirisa DNA nenzira yakanangwa uye inoshanda.
Kutamiswa kwemajini kwakatwasuka uye kushanduka-shanduka kwezvinhu
Kusiyana nekugara nhaka (kubva kumubereki kuenda kumwana), maprokaryotes anozivikanwa zvikuru nekutamisa majini (HGT). HGT inogona kuitika kuburikidza nenzira nhatu huru: kushanduka (kutora DNA yakasununguka), kutamisa (kuburikidza nemabacteriophages), uye kubatana (kutamisa DNA kuburikidza nekubatana kwesero nesero). Mhedzisiro yacho yakakura: hunyanzvi hutsva hwakadai sekusagona kurwisa mabhakitiriya hunogona kupararira nekukurumidza kuburikidza nehuwandu hwemabhakitiriya.
Mukuongorora mamorekuru emuviri uye genomics, HGT inotsanangura kuti nei ma prokaryotic genomes ari "mosaic," akaumbwa nezvikamu zvinobva muzvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushanduka-shanduka. Pfungwa iyi yakakosha pakunzwisisa pathogenicity, kubuda kwemarudzi matsva, uye kugadziriswa kwemabhakitiriya kusarudzo dzakaoma muzvipatara kana munzvimbo dzekurima.
Ma genome eProkaryotic semhando dzebiology yemamorekuru
MaProkaryotes—kunyanya E. coli—agara achishanda sezvipenyu zvemuenzaniso kwenguva refu nekuti zviri nyore kurima, zvinoberekana nekukurumidza, uye zvinochinjwa majini. Misimboti mizhinji ye molecular biology inobva mukutsvagisa mabhakitiriya: kodhi yemajini, nzira dzekunyora manyorerwo, chimiro che ribosome, uye pfungwa dzekuchinja uye kusarudza.
Munguva yazvino, ma genome eprokaryotic avewo hwaro hwekuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji yeCRISPR. Sisitimu yeCRISPR-Cas pakutanga yaive nzira yekudzivirira muviri inochinjika mumabhakitiriya nearchaea kurwisa mavhairasi (bacteriophages). Kuwanikwa uku kwakazogadzirwa kuita chishandiso chekugadzirisa ma genome chakachinja biology yemamorekuru, kurima, uye kutsvagurudza kwezvekurapa.
Nzira dzekuongorora genome reProkaryotic
Kuongororwa kwema genome eprokaryotic kwafambira mberi nekukurumidza nekuda kwekufambira mberi mukutevera kwechizvarwa chinotevera (NGS). Ma genome ebhakitiriya anogona kurongwa munguva pfupi uye nemutengo wakaderera kupfuura mumakumi emakore apfuura. Mushure mekutevera, kutsanangurwa kwema genome kunoitwa kufanotaura majini, maRNA anoshanda, uye zvinhu zvinodzora. Bioinformatics inoshandiswa kuenzanisa majini pakati pemarudzi (comparative genomics), kuona majini ane virulence, uye kuronga nzira dzekugadzirisa muviri.
Nzira dzekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze dzinobvumirawo vaongorori kudzidza nharaunda dzetupukanana pasina kufanira kuzviparadzanisa nekurima tupukanana twega. Izvi zvinobatsira zvikuru pakunzwisisa tupukanana twemudumbu remunhu, tupukanana twemuvhu, kana tupukanana twemugungwa tunoita basa mumaitiro e biogeochemical.
Mashandisirwo muhutano, maindasitiri uye nharaunda
Mukurapa, kunzwisisa ma genome eprokaryotic kunobatsira mukuziva utachiona, kutevera kubuda kwechirwere, uye kugadzira mapu ekudzivirira ma antibiotic. Kutevedzana kwemasero kunobvumira zvipatara kuita ongororo yema genomic kuti zvione kwakabva hutachiona hwe nosocomial. Uyezve, kuwanikwa kwemishonga mitsva kunowanzoenderana nekuongorora majini akakosha uye nzira dzakasiyana dze metabolic mumabhakitiriya.
Mumaindasitiri, mabhakitiriya anoshandiswa kugadzira ma enzymes, mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, organic acids, uye biofuels. Kugadzira genome yeprokaryotic kunobvumira kugadziriswa kwenzira dzemetabolism kuti hutachiona hushande zvakanaka pakugadzira zvigadzirwa zvakati. Munzvimbo yezvakatipoteredza, hutachiona hunoshandiswa mukugadzirisa zvinhu zvipenyu—semuenzaniso, kupwanya mafuta anodururwa kana kusvibisa organic. Ma genomes anopa zviratidzo nezvekugona kuparadza makemikari uye mamiriro akakodzera ekushanda kwehutachiona.
Penutup
Ma genome eprokaryotic inzira yakakosha yekunzwisisa mashandiro ehupenyu padanho remamorekuru, pamwe nekiyi yekushandiswa kwakakura. Nemaumbirwo awo ari nyore, huwandu hwakawanda hwemajini, mutemo weoperon, uye kugona kutamisa majini akatwasuka, ma prokaryotes anoshanda semamodeli anotungamira mu molecular biology. Nekufambira mberi mukutevera, metagenomics, uye matekinoroji ekugadzirisa majini seCRISPR, kudzidza ma genome eprokaryotic kucharamba kuchikurudzira hunyanzvi muhutano, indasitiri, uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza. Nokudaro, kunzwisisa ma genome eprokaryotic hakungokoshi chete kune sainzi yekutanga asiwo kwakakosha kune ramangwana re biotechnology yemazuva ano nemishonga.
