Biology yeMolecular yeDNA Virus
Mavhairasi eDNA iboka remavhairasi ane majini akaumbwa ne deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Kusiyana nemavhairasi eRNA, ayo anowanzo berekana nekukurumidza uye ane mwero wekuchinja kwakanyanya, mavhairasi eDNA anowanzo gara akagadzikana mune majini nekuti DNA inodzivirira zvikanganiso zvekuberekana. Zvisinei, kugadzikana hazvirevi kuti hazvina njodzi: mavhairasi akasiyana-siyana eDNA anogona kukonzera zvirwere zvakakomba muvanhu, mhuka, nemiti, kubva pahutachiona hwakasimba kusvika kuhutachiona hwakavanda uye kenza. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura pfungwa huru mu molecular biology yemavhairasi eDNA, kusanganisira chimiro chema genome, nzira dzekuberekana, kutaura kwemajini, kusangana nemasero emugadziri, uye zvazvinoreva pahutano ne biotechnology.
Hunhu hwakajairika uye kupatsanurwa kwema genomes
Ma genome evhairasi yeDNA anogona kuva DNA ine tambo mbiri (dsDNA) kana DNA ine tambo imwe chete (ssDNA). Muvanhu, mavhairasi mazhinji eDNA akakosha anobva ku dsDNA, semuenzaniso, Herpesviridae (HSV, VZV, CMV, EBV), Adenoviridae, Poxviridae, uye Papillomaviridae (HPV). Muenzaniso unozivikanwa we ssDNA ndiParvoviridae. Maumbirwo e genome anosiyanawo: mamwe ane mutsetse (semuenzaniso, adenoviruses, herpesviruses), mamwe akaita denderedzwa (semuenzaniso, papillomaviruses, polyomaviruses), uye mamwe ane miswe yakasarudzika inobatsira mukukopa kana kurongedza.
Hukuru hwemajini eDNA hunosiyanawo. MaParvovirus ane majini madiki, angangoita 5 kb, nepo mapoxvirus anogona kusvika pamusoro pe150–300 kb. Hukuru hwemajini hunoenderana nehuwandu hwe "kuzvimirira" kwehutachiona: mavhairasi makuru eDNA anowanzo takura maenzyme awo ekukopa uye ekunyora, nepo majenomu madiki achinyanya kutsamira pamichina yesero rinopinda.
Maumbirwo ezvikamu uye kupinda mumasero
Mavhairasi eDNA anowanzova nepuroteni inonzi capsid inodzivirira genome. Mazhinji acho iicosahedral (adenoviruses, HPV), nepo mavhairasi epox aine chimiro chakaoma kunzwisisa. Mamwe mavhairasi eDNA akaputirwa, akadai seherpesviruses, anowana membrane kubva musero remuviri uye anotakura maglycoproteins ekusunga kune mareceptor epamusoro pesero.
Danho rekutanga rehutachiona rinosanganisira kuzivikanwa kwehutachiona uye kupinda kwehutachiona kuburikidza ne endocytosis, membrane fusion, kana dzimwe nzira. Mushure mekupinda, hutachiona hunofanira kuendesa DNA yahwo kunzvimbo yekudzokororwa. Mavhairasi mazhinji eDNA anozvarwa munucleus, zvichiita kuti genome yavo ipfuure nemumaburi enyukireya. Chinhu chikuru chinosiyana mavhairasi epox, ayo anozadza kudzokororwa nekunyorwa mu cytoplasm nekuti ane akawanda ema enzymes awo.
Maitiro ekukopa genome yehutachiona hweDNA
Kudzokorora DNA yehutachiona ndiko kuri pakati pehupenyu hwemamorekuru ehutachiona: kuti DNA yehutachiona inoberekwa sei nekushandisa kana kutsiva michina yemasero.
1. Mavhairasi madiki eDNA uye kuvimba kwemunhu
Mavhairasi epapilloma nemavhairasi epolyoma anonyanya kushandisa enzyme yeDNA polymerase yesero. Nekuti DNA polymerase yesero inonyanya kushanda panguva yeS phase ye cell cycle, mavhairasi aya akagadzira nzira dzeku "sundidzira" sero muchikamu chekuzvibatanidza. Mapuroteni ekutanga akadai seE6 neE7 muHPV anomisa ma cell cycle regulators (semuenzaniso, p53 neRb), zvichibvumira sero kuramba richipatsanurana uye zvichipa nzvimbo yakanaka yekuzvibatanidza kweDNA.
2. Mavhairasi makuru eDNA nema enzymes awo
Mavhairasi ePox anotakura DNA polymerase, mRNA processing enzymes, uye transcription factors, zvichiita kuti akwanise kuzvara mu cytoplasm. Mavhairasi eHerpes ari pakati nepakati: mavhairasi mazhinji eherpes anoshandisa virus DNA polymerase yawo asi achiri kuvimba nezvimwe zvinhu zvenyukireya. Kuzvara kweHerpesvirus kunowanzo sanganisira kuumbwa kwe "replication compartments" mu nucleus, uko mapuroteni e replication anoungana uye virus DNA inogadzirwa zvakanyanya.
3. Nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekudzokorora
– Kudzokorora kweTheta kunowanzoitika muma genomes akatenderera, zvakafanana nekudzokorora kweplasmid.
– Kudzokorora kwedenderedzwa kwakajairika muhutachiona hweherpes, zvichigadzira DNA concatemers refu dzinozochekwa panguva yekurongedza.
- Kubviswa kwestrand kunoshandiswa neadenovirus, ichibatsirwa nemapuroteni ekupedzisira anonamatira kumigumo yeDNA sema primer.
– ssDNA → dsDNA iri pakati nepakati mu parvovirus: DNA ine tambo imwe chete inotanga yashandurwa kuita dsDNA ne cellular enzymes isati yanyorwazve uye kudzokororwa.
Kutaurwa kwemajini: "matanho ekutanga" uye "ekupedzisira"
Kuonekwa kwemajini evhairasi yeDNA kunowanzo gadziriswa kwenguva. Pakufunga, majini "ekutanga" anotanga aratidzwa kuti agadzirire nharaunda yemasero kuti adzokororwe (semuenzaniso, mapuroteni anotonga transcriptional, mapuroteni anotonga masero, polymerase yevhairasi yeDNA). Kana DNA yevhairasi yatanga kudzokororwa, majini "ekupedzisira" anoratidzwa kuti aumbe zvikamu zvakaita secapsid nemapuroteni envelopu, pamwe nezvinhu zvinobatanidza majini.
Mutemo uyu unonyanya kutsamira pazvinhu zvinosimudzira, zvinosimudzira, uye zvinhu zvinoshandura hutachiona/mugadziri weDNA. Mavhairasi eDNA anodzorawo kugadzirwa kweRNA: alternative splicing, polyadenylation, uye mRNA stability. Semuenzaniso, maAdenovirus anoshanda semamodeli akakosha mu molecular biology nekuti tsvakiridzo yeadenovirus yakaita kuti pawanikwe mRNA splicing mumasero eukaryotic.
Kudyidzana nemasoja emuviri uye nzira dzekunzvenga
Mavhairasi eDNA anofanira kukunda dziviriro yemuviri yakaita se interferons, nzira dze cytosolic DNA-sensing (semuenzaniso, cGAS–STING), uye mhinduro dzemasero eT uye ma antibody. Mavhairasi mazhinji eDNA akagadzira mapuroteni akasarudzika ekudzivirira nzira idzi. Mamwe mavhairasi eherpes anogadzira mapuroteni anoderedza kuratidzwa kweMHC antigen, zvichiita kuti masero ane utachiona asaonekwe ne cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Mavhairasi ePox ane mapuroteni akaita se cytokine receptor "decoy" anotora zviratidzo zvemuviri kuti aderedze kuzvimba.
Pamusoro pezvo, mavhairasi eDNA anogona kuramba akahwanda. Mavhairasi eHerpes anozivikanwa nekutanga hutachiona hwakahwanda mumasero etsinga (HSV) kana B (EBV). Munguva yekuhwanda, kuratidzwa kwemajini evhairasi kushoma, zvichiita kuti zviomere masoja emuviri kuona, asi vhairasi inochengetedza majini ayo uye inogona kudzoreredza kana mamiriro emuviri wacho asina simba.
Kubatanidzwa kwemajini uye kubatana kwawo nekenza
Mamwe mavhairasi eDNA anogona kupinda mugenome remunhu kana kuchengetedza ma episome akagadzikana. Kubatanidzwa hakusi nguva dzose kunodiwa kuti munhu adzokorore, asi kana zvikaitika, zvinogona kuva nemigumisiro yakakosha yehupenyu. HPV dzine njodzi huru (semuenzaniso, mhando 16 ne18) dzinowanzo kuwanikwa dzakabatanidzwa mukenza yemumuromo wechibereko, zvichiwedzera E6/E7 expression, izvo zvinokanganisa p53/Rb uye zvinokurudzira kushanduka kwemasero. EBV neKaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) zvakabatanawo nezvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvegomarara kuburikidza nekusanganiswa kwe latency, cell signaling modulation, uye chronic inflammation.
Zvidzidzo zvemamorekuru eDNA zvinoratidza kuti kenza ine chekuita nehutachiona haisiyo chete inokonzerwa ne "kuvapo kwehutachiona," asi kuti inyaya yekudyidzana kwakaoma pakati pemajini ehutachiona, kudzora kutenderera kwemasero, kugadzirisa DNA, uye kumanikidzwa kwekusarudza munyama ine hutachiona.
Kuunganidza nekuburitsa ma virions
Mushure mekunge genome yadzokororwa uye mapuroteni emuviri agadzirwa, virion inounganidzwa. Mavhairasi mazhinji eDNA anounganidza capsid munucleus, obva aisa DNA kuburikidza nemuchina wekurongedza. Semuenzaniso, mavhairasi eHerpes anovaka macapsid awo munucleus, obva awana envelopu kuburikidza nematanho akawanda anosanganisira membrane yenyukireya uye secretory organelles. Kusiyana neizvi, mavhairasi asina kuvharwa akadai seadenoviruses anowanzo sunungurwa kana masero abviswa.
Danho rekusangana kwemasero rinowanzo shandiswa pakurapa nekuti rinosanganisira kudyidzana kwemapuroteni nemapuroteni. Kunyangwe zvakaoma kupfuura kubatanidza maenzyme, nzira iyi iri kutanga kuongororwa mukugadzira mishonga yechizvarwa chinotevera yekurwisa mavhairasi.
Zvinoreva zvekurapa uye zvebiotechnology
Kunzwisisa biology yemavhairasi eDNA kwakaita kuti pave nekugadzirwa kwematekinoroji akasiyana-siyana uye mishonga. Semuenzaniso, majekiseni eHPV akavakirwa pazvidimbu zvakaita semavhairasi akabudirira kuderedza huwandu hwezvirwere zvine njodzi huru. Kune mavhairasi eherpes, mishonga yakaita seacyclovir inosarudza DNA polymerase. Kune rumwe rutivi, maAdenovirus anoshandiswa semajekiseni ekudzivirira uye kurapa majini nekuti anoendesa DNA mumasero zvinobudirira uye anogona kugadzirwa kuti asaparadze hutachiona.
Murabhoritari, mavhairasi eDNA anoshandawo se "zvishandiso" zvekunzwisisa mashandiro emasero eukaryotic, kubva pakudzora kunyorwa kwemavara, kupatsanurwa, uye kudzokororwa kweDNA kusvika pakukuvara kweDNA uye nzira dzekugadzirisa. Nemamwe mashoko, mavhairasi haaonekwe sezvikonzero zvechirwere chete asiwo semhando dzezvipenyu dzinobatsira kuburitsa mitemo mikuru yehupenyu hwemasero.
Penutup
Biology yemamorekuru emavhairasi eDNA inzvimbo yekudzidza kuti mavhairasi akavakirwa paDNA anopinda sei mumasero, anoburitsa majini, anodzokorora majini awo, anonzvenga masoja emuviri, uye anopararira kune mamwe masero. Kusiyana-siyana kwenzira dzinoshandiswa—kubva pakuvimba zvizere nemidziyo yemasero kusvika pakuzviriritira kuburikidza nema enzymes avo—kunoratidza kugona kuchinjika kunoshamisa kwemavhairasi. Kunzwisisa matanho aya emamorekuru hakungokoshi chete pakudzora zvirwere asiwo kunovhura mikana mikuru yekugadzirwa kwemajekiseni, mishonga inorwisa mavhairasi, uye matekinoroji ekurapa akavakirwa pahutachiona. Nekuferefeta kwakawanda, mavhairasi eDNA acharamba achipa mukana wekuti masero anoshanda sei, pamwe nedambudziko guru muhutano hweveruzhinji hwemazuva ano.
