Ma chloroplast ndeimwe ye organelles akakosha mumasero emiti nealgal. Anoita basa rakakosha mukuita photosynthesis, izvo zvinoita kuti zvirimwa nezvimwe zvipenyu zvinongoerekana zvachinja simba rechiedza kuita simba remakemikari muchimiro cheshuga. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora chimiro nebasa rema chloroplast, kukosha kwawo kune ecosystem, uye kuti anobatsira sei mukubudirira kwehupenyu panyika.
Chimiro cheChloroplast
Ma chloroplast ane chimiro chakaoma kunzwisisa uye ane zvikamu zvikuru zvakawanda zvinoita basa mumabasa akasiyana-siyana emuviri. Heano mamwe mashoko ezvikamu izvi:
1. Kaviri Kamudzira: Ma chloroplast akakomberedzwa nezvikamu zviviri zvema membrane: kamudzira kekunze nekamudzira kemukati. Kamudzira kekunze kanopindika zvishoma uye kanobvumira mamwe mamorekuru kuti apfuure zvakasununguka, nepo kamudzira kemukati kachisarudza zvakanyanya uye kanodzora kupinda kwema ions nemamorekuru mu stroma.
2. Stroma: Stroma imhando ye semi-fluid iri mukati memukati memukati memuviri. Apa ndipo panoitika Calvin cycle—maitiro anoshandura carbon dioxide nemvura kuita glucose nerubatsiro rwema enzymes nesimba rinogadzirwa kubva kuma photons anotorwa ne chlorophyll.
3. MaThylakoids: Mukati mestroma mune mathylakoids, maumbirwo akaita sedhisiki akarongwa muzvikamu zvinonzi granum. Apa ndipo panonyanya kuitika mashandiro echiedza chephotosynthesis. Mamembrane ethylakoid ane chlorophyll nedzimwe pigments dzinobatanidzwa mukubata chiedza.
4. Chlorophyll: Chlorophyll iruvara rwegirini runopa zvirimwa ruvara rwazvo. Ruvara urwu runotora chiedza chezuva, icho chinoshandiswa kutanga maitiro e photosynthesis.
5. DNA yeChloroplast: MaChloroplast ane genome yawo muchimiro cheDNA yakatenderera iri mustroma. Kunyangwe mapuroteni mazhinji echloroplast akanyorerwa negenome yenyukireya yesero remugadziri, mamwe mapuroteni akakosha anogadzirwa kubva kumajini ari muDNA yechloroplast.
Basa reChloroplasts
Basa guru rema chloroplast nderekuita photosynthesis, iyo ine matanho maviri makuru: reaction yechiedza uye Calvin cycle. Heino tsananguro yakadzama yedanho rega rega:
1. Kuchinja kwechiedza: Danho iri rinoitika mu thylakoid membrane uye rinosanganisira kushandurwa kwesimba rechiedza kuita simba remakemikari muchimiro cheATP neNADPH.
a. Kunyudzwa kwechiedza: Chlorophyll nedzimwe pigments dziri mu thylakoids dzinonyudzwa chiedza chezuva, izvo zvinokurudzira maerekitironi ari mu chlorophyll.
b. Photophosphorylation: Maerekitironi anofara anopfuura nepakati pecheni yekufambisa maerekitironi mumembrane yethylakoid, zvichigadzira proton gradient inoshandiswa kufambisa ATP synthase, ichigadzira ATP.
c. Kuderedzwa kweNADP+: Pakupera kwecheni yekufambisa maerekitironi, maerekitironi anoderedzwa kuita NADP+ kuti aumbe NADPH.
2. Kutenderera kweCalvin: Ichizivikanwawo se "dark reactions" kana kuti "C3 pathway", danho iri rinoitika mustroma uye haridi chiedza chakananga. Rinoshandisa ATP neNADPH zvinogadzirwa kubva mu "light reactions" kuti rishandure CO₂ kuita glucose.
a. Carboxylation: Maitiro aya anotanga nekuwedzerwa kweCO₂ ku ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) ne enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO2), zvichigadzira mamorekuru maviri e3-phosphoglycerate.
b. Kuderedza: Molekyuru ye3-phosphoglycerate inozoderedzwa kuita glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) uchishandisa ATP neNADPH.
c. Kugadziriswazve: Ruzhinji rweG3P inogadzirwa runoshandiswa kugadzirazve RuBP, zvichiita kuti kutenderera kuenderere mberi. Yasara inoshandiswa kugadzira mamorekuru eshuga akadai seglucose.
Mabasa Ezvakatipoteredza uye Macro Anoshanda
Kuwedzera pabasa rawo guru mu photosynthesis, ma chloroplast ane mamwe mabasa akakosha anokanganisa nharaunda yese:
1. Kugadzirwa kweOkisijeni: Chimwe chezvinhu zvinobva mu photosynthesis iokisijeni, iyo inoburitswa mumhepo. Okisijeni iyi inokosha kune zvipenyu zvinofamba nemhepo, kusanganisira vanhu, pakufema.
2. Simba Rinobva: Kugadzira chiedza chezuva (photosynthesis) muma chloroplasts ndiko kwakavakirwa pakudya. Zvirimwa zvinogara zvichishandisa simba rezuva kugadzira chikafu chinozodyiwa nemhuka dzinodya zvinomera zvakaita seheterotrophs, kusanganisira zvinodya miriwo nezvinodya nyama.
3. Kutenderera kweKabhoni: Kuburikidza ne photosynthesis, ma chloroplast anoita basa rekubatanidza kabhoni diokisijeni kubva mumhepo uye kuita makemikari e organic. Maitiro aya anobatsira kuderedza huwandu hwekabhoni diokisijeni mumhepo, iyo inoita basa rekutonga mamiriro ekunze uye kuderedza migumisiro yekudziya kwepasi rose.
4. Kuratidza Zviratidzo uye Kuchinja Kwemuviri Kwechipiri: Ma chloroplast anobatanidzwawo mukugadzirwa kwezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemuviri zvechipiri zvakakosha pakudzivirira zvirimwa kubva kuzvirwere nezvipembenene, pamwe nekugadzirwa kwemahormone ezvirimwa.
Kushanduka-shanduka uye Mavambo eChloroplasts
Zvinotendwa kuti ma chloroplast akatanga kuburikidza ne endosymbiosis, umo tateguru we eukaryotic asiri photosynthetic akafukidza sero re prokaryotic rinogadzira photosynthesis makore angangoita mabhiriyoni 1,5 apfuura. Fungidziro iyi inotsigirwa nekuvapo kweDNA rayo rakatenderera muma chloroplasts uye zvimwe zvakafanana nemaumbirwo uye mashandiro e cyanobacteria, ma prokaryotic life form anokwanisa photosynthesis.
Mhedziso
Ma chloroplast inhengo dzinoshanda zvakawanda dzine mabasa akakosha mu photosynthesis, kugadzirwa kwesimba, uye kurongeka kwe ecosystem. Maumbirwo adzo akaomarara anoita kuti pave nekuchinja kwakakosha kwe biochemical kunoshandura simba rezuva kuita simba remakemikari, zvichipa chikafu neokisijeni kuhupenyu hwese pasi pano. Kunzwisisa maumbirwo uye mashandiro ema chloroplast kunotibatsira kunzwisisa kuomarara uye runako rwe biology uye kukosha kwekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kuti tirarame ecosystem yedu.
