Maumbirwo uye Basa reEndoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chinhu chakakosha mumasero eukaryotic, ichitamba basa rakakosha mumabasa akasiyana-siyana ehupenyu. Chinyorwa chino chichatsanangura chimiro uye basa reER, chichipa ruzivo rwakadzama rwekuti chimiro ichi chakakosha sei kuhupenyu hwemasero.
Maumbirwo eER
ER imhando yakakura, yakaita selabyrinth inotambanuka mu cytoplasm yesero. Zvichienderana nechimiro chayo uye mashandiro ayo, ER inogona kukamurwa kuita mhando mbiri: rough ER (RER) uye smooth ER (SER).
Rough ER (RER)
RER yakatumidzwa zita iri nekuti pamusoro payo pakazara ribosomes, izvo zvinoita kuti iite seyakakombama kana ine makwapa pasi pe electron microscope. Ribosomes idzi ndidzo nzvimbo yekugadzira mapuroteni, uye dzakabatana ne membrane yekunze ye rough ER. Maumbirwo eRER ane hukama hwakanyanya nemaitiro ekunyora nekushandura anobatanidzwa mukugadzira mapuroteni.
Smooth ER (SER)
Kune rumwe rutivi, SER haina ribosomes pamusoro payo, zvichiita kuti ionekwe zvakanaka. SER inoita basa guru mumabasa akakosha akadai sekugadzira mafuta, metabolism yemacarbohydrate, uye kubvisa makemikari anokuvadza mumuviri.
Mhando mbiri idzi dzeER dzakapararira mu cytoplasm yese uye dzakabatana, zvichiita network ye membrane inoenderera mberi. Chimiro ichi cheER chinoratidzwa ne fluid lumen iri mukati mayo inoparadzaniswa ne cytosol ne ER membrane.
Mabasa eER
Basa reER rinogona kusiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwayo (RER kana SER), asi kazhinji, ER ine basa mukugadzirwa, kugadziriswa, uye kutakurwa kwema macromolecule akasiyana-siyana akakosha. Aya ndiwo mabasa makuru erudzi rumwe nerumwe rweER:
Basa reER Rakashata
1. Kugadzirwa kweMapuroteni: RER ndiyo nzvimbo huru yekugadzira mapuroteni anoburitsa secretory, membrane, uye lysosomal. Mapuroteni anogadzirwa ne ribosomes pamusoro peRER anoshandurwa zvakananga muER lumen, kwaanogona kuchinjwa zvakanyanya.
2. Glycosylation: Maitiro ekuwedzera macheni emacarbohydrate kumapuroteni, kana kuti glycosylation, anoitika muRER. Kugadziriswa uku kwakakosha kuti mapuroteni awane kushanda kwakakodzera uye kugadzikana.
3. Mashandisirwo uye Kutakurwa kweMapuroteni: Mushure mekugadzirwa uye kugadziriswa, mapuroteni anogona kuiswa muma vesicles otumirwa kuGolgi Apparatus kuti agadziriswezve kana kune dzimwe nzvimbo dziri mukati mesero.
Basa reER Rakatsetseka
1. Kugadzirwa kweLipid: SER ine basa guru mukugadzirwa uye kushandiswa kwemafuta nemaphospholipid, zvinhu zvakakosha zve membrane yemasero. Kugadzirwa kwema steroid, kusanganisira ma steroid hormones mune dzimwe nhengo dzakadai se adrenal glands ne gonads, kunoitikawo muSER.
2. Kuchinja kweMakabhohaidhiretsi: Basa iri rinosanganisira kushandurwa kweglucose-6-phosphate kuita glucose mukuita kwegluconeogenesis. SER inoita basa rakakosha mukudzora huwandu hweglucose muropa.
3. Kubvisa chepfu mumuviri: SER iri muchiropa ine ma enzyme anogona kushandura makemikari anokuvadza kuti abviswe mumuviri (kubvisa chepfu mumuviri). Izvi zvinosanganisira kushandiswa kwemishonga ne chepfu mumuviri.
4. Kuchengeta Calcium: Smooth ER ine basa rekugadzirisa kuchengetwa nekuburitswa kwema calcium ions, ayo akakosha sezviratidzo zvemaitiro akasiyana-siyana emuviri, kusanganisira kusimba kwetsandanyama uye kuburitswa kwema neurotransmitter.
Kudyidzana kweER nedzimwe Organelles
ER haishande yoga asi inoshanda pamwe chete nedzimwe nhengo dzakasiyana-siyana dzemuviri dziri musero.
Mudziyo weGolgi
Mushure mekunge mapuroteni agadzirwa muRER, anowanzo unganidzwa muma vesicles oendeswa kuGolgi apparatus. Ikoko, anogona kugadziridzwa zvimwe zvakaita sekuwedzera glycosylation, kugadziriswazve kwechimiro chawo chetatu-dimensional, kana kuwedzerwa kwemapoka e phosphate.
Lysosomes
Mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, mapuroteni asina kushanda zvakanaka kana akawandisa anofanira kubviswa. ER inobatsira mukutakura mapuroteni aya kuti aputsike mu lysosomes kana proteasomes.
Plasma Membrane
Mapuroteni akawanda nemalipid anogadzirwa neER anopfuudzwa kuplasma membrane kuti atsive zvikamu zvemembrane zvakakuvara kana kuti pave ne exocytosis (kubviswa kwezvinhu kubva musero).
Mitochondria
ER ne mitochondria zvinotaurirana kuburikidza nehukama hwekubatana kwemuviri hunosanganisira kudzora kugoverwa kwemafuta uye kudzora calcium homeostasis, zvese izvi zvakakosha pakugadzirwa kwesimba uye mashandiro emetabolism yesero.
Matambudziko ekushanda kweER
Kukanganisika kwemaumbirwo kana mashandiro eER kunogona kukonzera zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana. Semuenzaniso, ER stress, mamiriro ezvinhu apo mapuroteni akasanganiswa zvisina kunaka muER, anogona kutungamira kuzvirwere zvakawanda zvinopera simba zvakaita seshuga, Alzheimer's, uye kenza.
Kushushikana kweER neUPR
Kana masero akasangana neER stress, nzira inozivikanwa se "Unfolded Protein Response" (UPR) inotanga kushanda. UPR ine chinangwa chekudzoreredza mashandiro akajairika nekuderedza kugadzirwa kwemapuroteni uye kuwedzera kugona kweER kupeta mapuroteni. Zvisinei, kana ER stress ikaramba iripo uye isingagadziriswe, inogona kukonzera apoptosis (kufa kwemasero kwakarongwa).
Zvirwere Zvine chekuita neLipid
Kusashanda zvakanaka kweSER kunogona kukonzera matambudziko e metabolism yemafuta, izvo zvinogona kutungamira kuchirwere chechiropa chine mafuta, atherosclerosis, nezvimwe zvirwere zve metabolism.
Mhedziso
Endoplasmic reticulum inhengo inokosha ine mabasa akawanda akakosha mukugadzirwa kweprotein uye lipids uye kutakurwa, metabolism yemacarbohydrate, uye kubvisa chepfu kubva muzvinhu zvine chepfu. Mhando mbiri dzeER, rough ER uye smooth ER, dzine mabasa akasiyana asi anoenderana mukuchengetedza homeostasis yemasero uye mashandiro awo. Kukanganiswa kwebasa reER kunogona kuva nemigumisiro yakakomba uye kubatsira mukukura kwezvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana. Nokudaro, kunzwisisa chimiro nebasa reER, pamwe nebasa rayo mumasero, kwakakosha pakunzwisisa biology yemasero uye pathogenesis yezvirwere.
