Maitiro eMakemikoro Anoshanda Sei Muhupenyu Hwezuva Nezuva?
Kemikari kudzidza nezvezvinhu uye shanduko dzinoitika pakati pazvo. Kunyangwe zvichiwanzoonekwa senzvimbo yakaoma uye yehunyanzvi, maitiro emakemikari chikamu chakakosha muhupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva. Kubva pazvinhu zviri nyore sekubika chikafu kusvika kune maitiro akaomarara senge photosynthesis mumiti, kemikari yakatipoteredza uye inoita basa rakakosha munenge mune zvese zvinoitika muhupenyu hwedu. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura maitiro akasiyana-siyana emakemikari anoitika muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kutsanangura misimboti yekutanga iri pasi pawo, uye kuratidza kukosha kwekunzwisisa kemikari muhupenyu hwedu.
Kemikari muChikafu neKubika
Kubika ndeimwe yemienzaniso yakajairika yemaitiro emakemikari muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Patinobika chikafu, maitiro akasiyana-siyana emakemikari anoitika anochinja hunhu uye kunaka kwechikafu.
Maitiro aMaillard
Maitiro eMaillard imhando yemakemikari anoitika pakati peamino acids nekuderedza shuga kana chikafu chapiswa. Maitiro aya anoita kuti nyama, chingwa, nezvimwe zvekudya zviite sebrown uye zvakaoma. Maitiro eMaillard ndiwo akakosha pakukura kwekunaka nekunhuhwirira muzvikafu zvakabikwa kana zvakakangwa.
Kugadziriswa kweCaramelization
Kugadzira caramelization inzira yemakemikari umo shuga inopwanywa kuita mamorekuru madiki uye inooma uye inogadziriswa polymer kana yapiswa. Maitiro aya anoita kuti zvive neruvara rwebrown uye kunaka kunotapira muzvikafu zvakaita seshuga yakakangwa, hanyanisi dzakakangwa, uye muto wecaramel.
Kuchinja kweMapuroteni
Kuchinja kweganda (denaturation) inzira iyo mapuroteni ane mativi matatu anoputsika nekuda kwekupisa, pH, kana mamwe makemikari. Patinobika mazai, mapuroteni ari muzai jena uye yolk denature, zvichichinja kubva pakuva mvura kuita solid state.
Kemikari Mumuviri Wemunhu
Muviri wemunhu irabhoritari yakaoma yemakemikari, uko maitiro akasiyana-siyana emakemikari anoitika nguva dzese kuchengetedza hupenyu nehutano.
Kufema Kwemasero
Kufema kwemasero inzira yemakemikari inoshandiswa nemasero emuviri kushandura glucose neokisijeni kuita simba (ATP), kabhoni dhayokisaidhi, nemvura. Maitiro aya anoitika mumitochondria uye ndiyo sosi huru yesimba kumasero emuviri. Maitiro emakemikari ari pasi pekufema kwemasero ndeaya:
\[ \text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + 6\text{O}_2 \rightarrow 6\text{CO}_2 + 6\text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{energy (ATP)} \]
Kugaya dumbu
Kugaya chikafu inzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzemakemikari umo chikafu chinokamurwa kuita mamorekuru madiki kuitira kuti chikwanise kutorwa nemuviri. Ma enzyme ari mudumbu anopwanya makabhohaidhiretsi, mapuroteni, nemafuta kuita glucose, amino acids, uye fatty acids. Semuenzaniso, enzyme inonzi amylase iri mumate inopwanya starch kuita shuga, nepo enzyme inonzi protease iri mudumbu ichipwanya mapuroteni kuita ma peptides nemaamino acids.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis inzira yemakemikari umo zvirimwa zvakasvibira, algae, uye mamwe mabhakitiriya zvinoshandura simba rezuva kuita simba remakemikari muchimiro cheglucose. Maitiro aya anoitika muma chloroplasts uye anosanganisira pigment chlorophyll. Maitiro emakemikari ari pasi pe photosynthesis ndeaya:
\[ 6\text{CO}_2 + 6\text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{light} \rightarrow \text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + 6\text{O}_2 \]
Kugadzira Photosynthesis inzira inokosha inopa okisijeni kumhepo yepasi uye inotsigira hupenyu hwezvinhu zvipenyu zvese zviri panyika.
Kemikari muKuchenesa uye Hutano
Zvigadzirwa zvekuchenesa uye zvigadzirwa zvehutano zvimwe zvezvinoshandiswa nemakemikari muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
Sipo neSipo
Sipo nemasipo ekuchenesa makemikari anoshandiswa kubvisa tsvina nemafuta pamusoro. Anoshanda nekuderedza kumanikidzwa kwemvura uye emulsifying oil netsvina, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kubvisa. Sipo inogadzirwa kubva mukuita kwemakemikari pakati pemafuta kana mafuta nehwaro (saponification), nepo sipo dziri masurfactants ekugadzira anogona kushanda mumvura yakaoma.
Mishonga yekuuraya utachiona uye mishonga inouraya utachiona
Mishonga yekuuraya utachiona nemishonga inouraya utachiona makemikari anoshandiswa kuuraya kana kudzivirira kukura kwetupukanana. Mienzaniso inosanganisira doro (ethanol neisopropanol), hydrogen peroxide, uye chlorine. Makemikari aya anoshanda nekukuvadza membrane yemasero, kuderedza hunhu hwemapuroteni, kana kukanganisa mashandiro emuviri wetupukanana.
Mishonga
Mishonga mishonga inoshandiswa kurapa, kudzivirira, kana kuongorora zvirwere. Inoshanda nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, dzakadai sekudzivisa mamwe ma enzymes, kusunga kune zvinogamuchira, kana kushandura maitiro e biochemical mumuviri. Muenzaniso iaspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), iyo inoshanda nekudzivisa enzyme yeCOX kuderedza marwadzo nekuzvimba.
Kemikari Munharaunda
Maitiro emakemikari anoitawo basa rakakosha mukuchengetedza nekuchinja nharaunda yedu.
Kutenderera kweKabhoni
Kutenderera kwekabhoni inzira yechisikigo iyo kabhoni inotenderera mumhepo, makungwa, ivhu, uye zvipenyu. Maitiro emakemikari akadai se photosynthesis, kufema, kuora, uye kupisa mafuta ekare anoita basa guru mukutenderera uku. Kunzwisisa kutenderera kwekabhoni kunotibatsira kunzwisisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze uye kukanganisa kwemabasa evanhu pane zvakatipoteredza.
Kusvibiswa kwemhepo
Kusvibiswa kwemhepo kunokonzerwa nemakemikari akasiyana-siyana anoitika mumhepo. Semuenzaniso, kupiswa kwemafuta efossil kunoburitsa magasi anokuvadza akadai secarbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, uye nitrogen oxides. Maitiro emakemikari pakati penitrogen oxides nemakemikari anoshanduka kana chiedza chezuva chavapo anoburitsa ozone inonzi tropospheric, iyo inokuvadza hutano hwevanhu.
Kurapa Mvura
Kurapa nemvura inzira yemakemikari inoshandiswa kubvisa tsvina mumvura yekunwa nemvura yakasviba. Maitiro aya anosanganisira maitiro emakemikari akadai sekugwamba, kupwanyika, uye kuuraya utachiona. Mienzaniso inosanganisira kushandiswa kwechlorine kuuraya mabhakitiriya mumvura yekunwa uye kushandiswa kwealum (aluminium sulfate) kupinza zvidimbu zvidiki mumvura.
Mhedziso
Maitiro emakemikari anoita basa guru muhupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva, achikanganisa zvese kubva pakudya nehutano kusvika kune zvakatipoteredza. Kunzwisisa kemikari kunotibvumira kukoshesa nekugadzirisa maitiro aya, pamwe nekugadzira mhinduro dziri nani kumatambudziko atinosangana nawo. Kubva pakuita zviri nyore sekubika chikafu kusvika kune maitiro akaomarara senge photosynthesis uye kutenderera kwekabhoni, kemikari inowanikwa kwose kwose uye inokosha pakunzwisisa nyika yakatipoteredza. Nekuramba tichidzidza nekushandisa kemikari, tinogona kuvandudza hupenyu hwedu uye kuchengetedza kuenzana kwezvakatipoteredza kune zvizvarwa zvinotevera.
