Basa uye Basa reCatalytic Converter
Chinoshandura simba (catalytic converter) chikamu chakakosha muinjiniya yemazuva ano yemotokari, chakagadzirirwa kuderedza kusvibiswa kunokuvadza kunokonzerwa neinjini dzinopisa mukati. Sezvo mitemo yezvakatipoteredza iri kuramba ichioma, kukosha uye kushanda zvakanaka kwezvinoshandura simba (catalytic converters) kwawedzera, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakakosha mukurwisa kusvibiswa kwemhepo. Chinyorwa chino chinotarisa basa uye basa rezvinoshandura simba (catalytic converters), zvichiongorora magadzirirwo azvo, mashandiro azvo, uye kukanganisa kwazvinoita pamotokari nenharaunda.
Basa reCatalytic Converter
Pakati payo, catalytic converter chishandiso chinodzora utsi hunoshandura kusvibiswa kwemhepo kunokuvadza mugasi rinobuda mumhepo kubva muinjini inobvira mukati kuita zvinhu zvisingakuvadzi zvakanyanya. Kazhinji inowanikwa musystem yekubuda kwemhepo mumotokari, inobatsira makemikari anoshandura carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), uye nitrogen oxides (NOx) kuita carbon dioxide (CO₂), mvura (H₂O), uye nitrogen (N₂).
Zvinhu izvi zvinokuvadza zvinokonzerwa nekupiswa kwemafuta ekare. Carbon monoxide inokonzerwa nekupiswa kusina kukwana, mahydrocarbons imafuta asina kupiswa, uye nitrogen oxides inoumbwa mumamiriro ekupisa kwakanyanya muinjini. Chimwe nechimwe chezvipenyu izvi chine njodzi huru kuhutano hwevanhu nenharaunda, zvichiita kuti zvideredzwe zvisati zvaburitswa mumhepo.
Zvikamu uye Dhizaini
MaCatalytic converters ane zvinhu zvakakosha zvakawanda zvakagadzirwa kuti zviite basa razvo zvakanaka:
1. Substrate: Substrate ndiyo musimboti we converter, inowanzogadzirwa nezvinhu zve ceramic kana simbi, uye inopa nzvimbo yakakura ye catalytic reactions. Inowanzo gadzirwa muchimiro chehuchi kana corrugated pattern kuti iwedzere kusangana nemagasi e exhaust.
2. Goko rekuwachisa: Goko iri rinofukidza substrate uye rinoiswa musanganiswa wezvinhu zvakaita sealuminium oxide. Goko rekuwachisa rinowedzera kuomarara kwepamusoro kuti ripe imwe nzvimbo yezvinhu zvinokonzeresa mvura.
3. Chinogadzirisa: Chekupedzisira, jasi rekuwachisa rinoputirwa nesimbi dzinokosha dzakadai seplatinum, palladium, uye rhodium. Simbi idzi dzinoshanda sechinogadzirisa kuti zvive nyore kushandisa makemikari anodiwa. Simbi yega yega ine basa rayo:
– Platinum (Pt) nePalladium (Pd) zvinobatsira mukuoxidiza CO neHC muCO₂ neH₂O.
– Rhodium (Rh) inonyanya kuderedza NOx kuita N₂ neO₂.
Ainoita
Chaizvoizvo, chinhu chinoshandura zvinhu chinoshanda pasi pemisimboti yekuchinja makemikari, uko simbi dzinokosha dzinoshanda sezvinhu zvinokurumidzisa makemikari asingadyiwi pachawo.
1. Maitiro eOxidation: Kana magasi eutsi achipinda nemuchinoshandura, CO neHC zvinosangana nemacatalyst eplatinum nepalladium, izvo zvinoita kuti oxidation iite nyore. CO inoshandurwa kuita CO₂, uye HC kuita CO₂ neH₂O.
– \(2CO + O_2 \museve wekurudyi 2CO_2\)
– \(C_xH_y + (x + \frac{y}{4})O_2 \rightarrow xCO_2 + \frac{y}{2}H_2O\)
2. Kuderedza Maitiro: Panguva imwe chete, rhodium inobatsira mukuderedza NOx kuita N₂ neO₂ zvisina njodzi.
– \(2NO \museve wekurudyi N_2 + O_2\)
3. MaConverter eMubhedha Muviri neMawaya Matatu: MaConverter emazuva ano eCatalytic anowanzo sanganisa maitiro aya eOxidation neReduction muTwo-way Catalytic Converter (TWC), yakatumidzwa zita rekuti inogona kugadzirisa CO, HC, neNOx emissions panguva imwe chete. MaConverter eMubhedha Muviri, ayo anoshandisa makamuri maviri akasiyana eOxidation neReduction, aishandiswa mumota dzekare asi haachiwanzo kuwanikwa nekuda kwekushanda zvakanaka kweTWCs.
Kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza
Kuuya uye kushandiswa kwakapararira kwezvigadziriso zvemagetsi zvinoshandura mhepo kwakakanganisa zvikuru kunaka kwemhepo uye hutano hweveruzhinji. Nekuderedza zvakanyanya kuburitswa kwemagasi anokuvadza, zvigadziriso zvemagetsi zvinobatsira ku:
– Deredza Utsi: NOx neHC zvinotangira ozone neutsi hwepasi, izvo zvinokanganisa hutano hwekufema. MaCatalytic converters anoderedza zvinobudirira izvi.
– Deredza Mvura ine Asidhi: NOx inobatsira pakuumbwa kwemvura ine acid, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa nharaunda, zvivakwa, uye hutano hwevanhu. Kuderedza kuburitswa kweNOx kunobatsira kuderedza njodzi iyi yezvakatipoteredza.
– Mazinga eCarbon Monoxide Akaderera: CO imhepo ine chepfu inogona kukonzera matambudziko makuru ehutano kana kutouraya kana yakawanda. MaCatalytic converters anobatsira kushandura CO kuita CO₂ isina chepfu.
– Deredza Magasi eGreenhouse: Kunyangwe CO₂ iri gasi rinosimudzira greenhouse, mabhenefiti ese ezvakatipoteredza ekuderedza CO₂, HC, uye NOx anopfuura kuipa kwacho. Pamusoro pezvo, kufambira mberi muhunyanzvi hwemotokari kuri kuramba kuchitarisa pakuderedza kuburitswa kweCO₂.
Matambudziko Nebudiriro
Kunyange zvazvo ma "catalytic converters" achimiririra kukunda kwetekinoroji, anounzawo mamwe matambudziko:
1. Mari Yezvinhu: Kushandiswa kwesimbi dzinokosha dzakadai seplatinum, palladium, uye rhodium kunoita kuti zvinhu zvinoshandura zvinhu zviwedzere kudhura kugadzira. Kutsvagurudza nezvezvimwe zvinhu zvisingadhuri kuri kuenderera mberi.
2. Kushanda Nesimba: MaCatalytic converters anofanirwa kusvika patembiricha yakati kuti ashande zvakanaka, izvo zvinogona kutora nguva mumamiriro ezvinhu ekutyaira asina kutonhora. Zvitsva zvakaita semagetsi anopisa anovavarira kugadzirisa izvi.
3. Kugara kwenguva refu: Nekufamba kwenguva, ma catalytic converters anogona kuvharika kana kucheneswa (semuenzaniso, nepeturu ine lead kana sarufa), zvichideredza kushanda kwawo. Kugadzirisa nguva dzose uye kushandisa mafuta akachena kunobatsira kuderedza dambudziko iri.
4. Kuba: Nekuda kwesimbi dzinokosha dzirimo, zvinhu zvinoshandura zvinhu zvinokonzeresa njodzi zvinowanzo shandiswa pakuba. Midziyo yekudzivirira kuba uye magadzirirwo akagadziridzwa ari kushandiswa kugadzirisa dambudziko iri.
mhedziso
Mukupedzisa, catalytic converter ine basa guru mukudzora kusvibiswa kwemhepo mumotokari dzemazuva ano. Kuburikidza nekushandisa catalysis zvine hungwaru, inoshandura tsvina inokuvadza kuita zvinhu zvisingakuvadzi zvakanyanya, nokudaro ichidzivirira kunaka kwemhepo uye hutano hweveruzhinji. Pasinei nematambudziko ane chekuita nekushandiswa kwayo nekugadzirwa kwayo, kushanduka-shanduka kuripo nguva dzose kwetekinoroji ye catalytic converter kune vimbiso yekubatsira kwakakura kwezvakatipoteredza mune ramangwana. Sezvo tekinoroji yemotokari nezvakatipoteredza ichifambira mberi, catalytic converter icharamba iri chishandiso chakakosha mukuedza kwenyika yose kurwisa kusvibiswa kwemhepo nekuchengetedza mhepo.
