Dzidziso pamusoro pekuumbwa kweAsteroids neComets
MaAsteroids nemacomet imhando mbiri dzezvinhu zvidiki zvemudenga zvagara zvichifarirwa nevanoongorora nyeredzi. Anowanzonzi "zvasara" kubva pakuumbwa kweSolar System nekuti zvakaumbwa kare muZuva uye mapuraneti akanga achangotanga kuumbwa. Kunyange zvazvo ese ari madiki pane mapuraneti, maasteroids nemacomet akasiyana zvakanyanya mukugadzirwa kwawo, nzvimbo, uye maitiro awo paanoswedera kuZuva. MaAsteroids anowanzova nematombo kana simbi yakawanda uye anowanikwa zvakanyanya muAsteroid Belt pakati peMars neJupiter, nepo macomet akapfuma nechando neguruva uye anowanzo bva kumucheto kweSolar System. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora dzidziso huru pamusoro pekuti maasteroids nemacomet akaumbwa sei, kubva pamaitiro ekutanga ekuumbwa kwemapuraneti kusvika pabasa regiravhiti guru regasi uye simba reSolar System rekutanga.
Kumashure: Nebula yezuva uye kuberekwa kwezvinhu zvidiki
Dzidziso inonyanya kugamuchirwa yekwakabva Solar System iSolar Nebula Theory. Makore angangoita mabhiriyoni 4,6 apfuura, gore guru regasi neguruva rakadonha pasi pesimba regiravhiti, richigadzira dhisiki rinotenderera rinonzi protoplanetary disk. Pakati pedhisiki, zvinhu zvakaungana kuti zviumbe Zuva. Kunze, zvidimbu zveguruva zvidiki zvakatanga kuroverana nekunamatirana kuburikidza nemasimba emagetsi, zvichigadzira tsanga dzakakura. Maitiro aya akaenderera mberi kuita tumatombo, matombo, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakakura semakiromita zvinonzi planetesimals. MaAsteroids nemacomets ndiwo maplanetesimals asingambosangani zvizere mumapuraneti.
Zvisinei, ruzivo rwekuti guruva rinogona "kusvetuka" sei kubva kumapuraneti madiki kusvika kumakuru inyaya inokosha mukuongorora nyeredzi kwemazuva ano. Imwe pfungwa inokwezva ndeyekusagadzikana kwekufamba kwemhepo, mamiriro ezvinhu apo zvidimbu zvakawandisa zvakaungana murwizi rwegasi redhisiki, zvichiita kuti simba remuchadenga ripararire kuita mapuraneti nekukurumidza. Iyi nzira inoumba huwandu hwekutanga hwezvinhu zvidiki zvinozoshanduka kuita maasteroid nemacomets.
Dzidziso dzekuumbwa kweasteroid: zvasara zvekuumbwa kwemapuraneti uye simba reJupiter
MaAsteroids anowanzo kuwanikwa muMain Asteroid Belt iri pakati peMars neJupiter. Sei nzvimbo iyi isina kuva mapuraneti? Dzidziso yekare inoratidza kuti munzvimbo iyi, zvinhu zvakakora zvaifanira kunge zvakaumba mapuraneti madiki, asi maitiro ekuwedzera akakanganiswa nekukanganiswa kwesimba reJupiter.
1) Dzidziso ye "mapuraneti akakundikana"
Mudzidziso iyi, bhandi re asteroid rinoonekwa semuunganidzwa wemapuraneti asina kumbova mapuraneti nekuti:
– Simba regiravhiti raJupiter rinomutsa kutenderera kwezvinhu zvidiki, zvichiita kuti zviwedzere kumhanya kwekuroverana.
– Kubonderana kwekukurumidza kunowanzo paradza zvinhu (kupatsanurwa), pane kuzvibatanidza (kuwedzera).
– Nekuda kweizvozvo, huwandu hwezvimedu zvematombo nesimbi hwakaumbwa izvo zvichiripo sema asteroids nanhasi.
Dzidziso iyi inotsigirwa nechokwadi chekuti mamwe ma "orbital resonances" ari mubhandi re asteroid anoumba "mipata" (Kirkwood mipata), idzo dziri nzvimbo dzisina chinhu nekuda kwekufamba kusina kugadzikana.
2) Dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka kwezvipenyu (kugongana nekupatsanuka)
Ma asteroids atinoona nhasi haana kufanana nemapuraneti ekare. Ma asteroids mazhinji anokonzerwa nekurovera kukuru kwakaputsa zvinhu zvekare. Mukati me asteroids belt mune "mhuri dze asteroids," mapoka ema asteroids ane ma orbit akafanana uye maumbirwo, anofungidzirwa kuti akabva mumuviri wemubereki mumwe chete, uri kuparara. Dzidziso iyi inotsanangura kuti nei paine ma asteroids madiki akawanda uye nei maumbirwo awo asingawanzoitiki.
Kuroverana kunobatanidzwawo nekusiyana kwemukati. Mamwe ma asteroids makuru anoratidza humbowo hwekudziya nekusiyana (kuumba core ne mantle), zvichida nekuda kwekuora kwenguva pfupi kwemwaranzi muSolar System yekutanga. Kana muviri wemubereki ukatsemuka, zvidimbu zvasara zvinogona kuratidza kusiyana kwezvimiro: zvimwe "zvine matombo," zvimwe "zvine simbi."
3) Dzidziso yekufamba kwenyika (Nice Model naGrand Tack)
Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, dzidziso dzekuumbwa nekurongwazve kwemapuraneti makuru dzave dzichinyanya kukosha. Pfungwa mbiri dzinokurukurwa kakawanda ndedzinoti:
– Muenzaniso Wakanaka: unotaura kuti mapuraneti makuru akachinja-chinja munhoroondo yawo yekare. Kuchinja uku kwaigona kunge kwakaparadzira zvinhu zvidiki, kusanganisa zvinhu kubva munzvimbo dzemukati nedzekunze, uye kutakura zvinhu kuenda kubhandi reasteroid.
– Grand Tack: zvinoratidza kuti Jupiter ingangodaro yakaswedera pedyo neZuva yozodzoka. Kufamba uku kwaigona "kudurura" uye "kuzadzazve" bhandi reasteroid nemusanganiswa weasteroids kubva munzvimbo dzemukati (dzakaoma) nedzekunze (dzakapfuma).
Dzidziso yekutama inobatsira kutsanangura kuti nei bhandi re asteroid riine mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzakadai: Ma asteroid emhando yeS (ane matombo akawanda) ndiwo anotonga mukati mebhandi, nepo ma asteroids emhando yeC (akapfuma mu kabhoni uye anoshanduka-shanduka) akawanda muchikamu chekunze.
Dzidziso yekuumbwa kwemakometi: zvinhu zvine chando zvinobva munzvimbo dzinotonhora dzeSolar System
Makometi akasiyana nemaasteroid nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwawo: makometi ane chando chemvura, chando checarbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, uye guruva. Makometi anotanga kushanda paanoswedera pedyo neZuva, apo chando chinotanga kudonha pasi uye chinoita coma nemuswe.
1) Dzidziso yekuumbwa kunze kwe "mutsetse wechando"
Mukati me diski yeprotoplanetary, mune muganho unokosha unonzi mutsetse wechando, daro kubva kuZuva uko tembiricha yakaderera zvakakwana kuti mvura nezvimwe zvinopisa zviome. Kupfuura mutsetse wechando, zvinhu zvakaumbwa nemapuraneti zvaive nechando chakawanda, zvichikonzera kuumbwa kwezvinhu zvakapfuma muchando—zvinotungamira macomet. Nokudaro, macomet anoonekwa se "mafossil akaomeswa nechando" anochengetedza rekodhi yemakemikari yeSolar System yekutanga.
2) Manyuko emakometi: Kuiper Belt uye Oort Cloud
Kazhinji, macomet akakamurwa kuita maviri zvichienderana nenguva yawo yekutenderera:
– Macomet enguva pfupi (anowanzova pasi pemakore mazana maviri) anofungidzirwa kuti anobva muKuiper Belt nenzvimbo yediski yakapararira kupfuura Neptune. Zvinhu zveKuiper Belt zvinogona kukanganiswa neNeptune, zvobva zvapinda mumitsetse inovaendesa pedyo neZuva. - Macomet enguva refu (zviuru kusvika kumamiriyoni emakore) anofungidzirwa kuti anobva muOort Cloud, dziva riri kure kwazvo, rakaita sedenderedzwa remitumbi ine chando yakakomberedza Solar System. Zvinhu zviri muOort Cloud zvinogona "kukandwa" muSolar System yemukati nekukanganiswa kwemvura kana nenyeredzi dzinopfuura. Dzidziso dzekuumbwa kweOort Cloud dzinowanzo sanganisira maitiro ekupararira: mumazuva ekutanga, mapuraneti makuru akaburitsa mapuraneti akawanda ane chando mumitsetse iri kure zvikuru. Mamwe akaramba akasungirirwa kuZuva uye akava Oort Cloud.
3) Basa rekuroverana uye kugadziriswa kwekupisa Kunyangwe macomet achiwanzoonekwa se "ekare," akachinjawo. Munzvimbo dzawo dzekuzvarwa, kuroverana pakati pemitumbi ine chando kunoramba kuchiitika, zvichigadzira macomet sezvinhu zvine maburi (marara) kana matombo akasanganiswa. Uyezve, sezvo macomet achigara achiswedera kuZuva, pamusoro pawo anogona kugadzira magoko matema kubva muguruva rinosara mushure mekunge chando chadonha. Pakupedzisira, macomet anogona kurasikirwa nemhepo yawo inoputika, kusashanda, uye kuita semaasteroids - zvinhu zvakadaro dzimwe nguva zvinonzi macomet akafa. Hukama huripo pakati pemaasteroids nemacomet: muganho usingawanzo kujeka Kunyange zvazvo musiyano uripo pakati pezviviri izvi, muganho uripo pakati pemaasteroids nemacomet hausi nguva dzose wakakwana. Kune zvinhu zvakaita semaasteroids anoshanda kana main-belt comets, miviri iri muasteroid belt inoratidza chiitiko chakafanana necomet. Izvi zvinomutsa mikana yakati wandei: - Aizi yakavharirwa inoramba iri mukati memamwe maasteroids. - Chiitiko chinokonzerwa nekuroverana kunoputsa zvikamu zviri pasi. - Mamwe maitiro akadai sekutenderera nekukurumidza kunoburitsa guruva kubva pamusoro. Izvi zvinotsigira pfungwa yekuti Solar System yekutanga yaive musanganiswa wezvinhu, uye kuti "dombo" ne "chando" hazvina kuparadzaniswa zvachose. Mhedziso Dzidziso pamusoro pekuumbwa kweasteroids nemacomet dzakadzika mukuumbwa kweSolar System kubva ku solar nebula: guruva negasi zvakaumbwa mapuraneti, mamwe acho akazova mapuraneti, nepo mamwe akaramba ari mitumbi midiki. Asteroids anonzwisiswa sezvisaririra zvezvinhu zvine matombo nesimbi zvakakanganiswa, kunyanya nechisimba cheJupiter, uye zvakachinjwa nekusangana kwemapuraneti nekufamba. Macomet akaumbwa munzvimbo dzinotonhora dziri mhiri kwemutsetse wechando, akapfuma muchando nemhepo inoputika, uye akabva aiswa muKuiper Belt neOort Cloud mamwe asati apinda muSolar System yemukati. Tsvagiridzo yemazuva ano—kubva pakucherechedza telescope kusvika kumabasa ekuongorora muchadenga—inoramba ichivandudza dzidziso idzi uye inoratidza kuti mashandiro eSolar System yekutanga aive akaoma zvikuru, azere nekufamba nekusanganiswa, kupfuura zvaifungidzirwa kare. Kana maasteroids nemacomet ari "nzvimbo yekuchengetedza zvinhu zvepasi rose," saka kuzvinzwisisa zvinoreva kuverengazve zvitsauko zvekutanga zvenhoroondo yezvakatipoteredza umo Nyika yakaumbwa.
