Nhoroondo yeKuwanikwa kwePlanet Venus
Nhoroondo yekuwanikwa kweVenus rwendo rurefu runoratidza kushamisika kwemuchadenga, kubva munguva dzekare kusvika munguva yanhasi. Sechinhu chinopenya zvikuru chemuchadenga mushure meZuva neMwedzi, Venus yakakwezva vanhu kwezviuru zvemakore. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora maitiro ekuwana nekuongorora kwesainzi kwepasi rino kubva pakutanga kwebudiriro kusvika pakutsvagurudza kwazvino.
Ruzivo Rwekare NezveVenus
Marudzi ekare, akadai seIjipita, Mesopotamia, neGirisi, aitoziva Venus se "Nyeredzi yeMangwanani" uye "Nyeredzi yeMadekwana" nekuda kwekuonekwa kwayo mudenga panguva idzi. Mutsika dzeMesopotamia, Venus yaizivikanwa sa "Ishtar," mwarikadzi werudo nehondo. MuGirisi yekare, mazita akapihwa aive "Phosphoros" yeNyeredzi yeMangwanani uye "Hesperos" yeNyeredzi yeMadekwana. Nekufambira mberi kwekuongorora nyeredzi muGirisi yekare, Pythagoras muzana remakore rechitanhatu BC akaziva kuti "Phosphoros" uye "Hesperos" zvaive chinhu chimwe chete, Venus.
Mipiro yeVanoongorora Nyeredzi veIslam
Munguva yeMiddle Ages, sainzi yekumadokero yainyanya kupesvedzerwa nekuongorora nyeredzi dzechiMuslim. Nyanzvi dzenyeredzi dzechiPersia, dzakadai saAl-Khwarizmi naAl-Sufi, dzakagadzira macatalog enyeredzi uye zvidzidzo zvakakwana zvekufamba kwemapuraneti, kusanganisira Venus. Vakashandisa nzvimbo dzekuongorora nyeredzi dzakaoma uye vakagadzira matafura ekuongorora nyeredzi akarurama kwazvo, ayo akazova hwaro hwekuongorora nyeredzi dzechiWestern panguva yeSainzi Revolution.
Chimurenga cheSainzi uye Kucherechedzwa kwaGalileo
Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi17, shanduko yeSainzi yakaunza danho guru mukunzwisisa Venus. Gore ra1610 rakaratidza chiitiko chakakosha apo Galileo Galilei akashandisa teresikopu kuti anyatsoongorora Venus kekutanga. Galileo akawana kuti Venus yaive nematanho akaita seMwedzi—kuwana kwaitsigira muenzaniso waCopernicus wepakati pezuva, umo mapuraneti aitenderera Zuva, kwete Pasi.
Kuwanikwa kwaGalileo kwakaratidza kuti Venus inotenderera Zuva, saka chiedza chinodzoserwa kuNyika chinosiyana zvichienderana nenzvimbo yaVenus paZuva nePasi. Kuwanikwa uku hakuna kungosimbisa chete modhi yepakati pezuva asiwo kwakadzamisa kunzwisisa kwedu kwesimba remuchadenga remapuraneti.
Zvimwe Zvakacherechedzwa uye Kuwanikwa kweChadenga
Muzana remakore rechi18, vamwe vaongorori venyeredzi, vakaita saJeremiah Horrocks, vakaramba vachidzidza nezvekufamba kweVenus—nguva apo Venus inoyambuka kumeso kweZuva kubva pamaonero eNyika. Kufamba uku kwakakosha pakuyera daro riri pakati pemapuraneti . Muna 1761, Mikhail Lomonosov, musayendisiti wekuRussia, akaona kufamba kweVenus ndokugumisa kuti pasi rine mhepo. Uku kwaive kuwanikwa kwakakosha, kwakachinja kunzwisisa kwemasayendisiti nezvehunhu hweVenus uye kwakagadzira nzira yekutsvagisa kwemapuraneti emazuva ano.
Mafambiro Emazuva Ano uye Nguva Yemuchadenga
Nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji muzana remakore rechi20, kuongorora Venus kwakasvika padanho idzva. Muna 1962, chitundumuseremusere cheNASA cheMariner 2 chakabhururuka neVenus zvakabudirira, chichiunganidza ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pemhepo yepasi uye tembiricha yepamusoro. Mariner 2 yakaratidza kuti Venus ine tembiricha yepamusoro yakanyanya, inosvika 475 degrees Celsius (887 degrees Fahrenheit), pamwe nemhepo yakakora kwazvo ine carbon dioxide, ine kumanikidzwa kwepamusoro ka92 kupfuura kwePasi.
Tsvagiridzo iyi yakavhura maziso evasayendisiti kumamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa paVenus, kusiyana kukuru kubva pakufunga kwepasi se "mapatya " ePasi. Data kubva kuMariner 2 rakatungamira kune mamwe mabasa eSoviet, kusanganisira maVenera series erovers. Pakati pa1967 na1983, chirongwa cheVenera chakatumira maprobe akati wandei akabudirira kusvika pamusoro peVenus ndokutumira data, kunyangwe izvi zvakangotora maminetsi mashoma nekuda kwemamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa.
Kupinda MuEra Yemazuva Ano
Mumakore ekuma1990, basa reNASA reMagellan rakashandisa radar kuyera pamusoro peVenus neresolution yepamusoro. Magellan akaratidza kuti Venus ine makomo anoputika anopfuura 1600 neminda inoputika, zvichiratidza kushanda kwakaoma kwezve geology. Ongororo yakawedzerwa yakaratidzawo zvinhu zvakaita sekupwanyika kwemakomo nemakomo makuru, zvichiratidza kuti tectonic iri kuramba ichiitika.
Kubva ipapo, tsvakiridzo pamusoro peVenus yakaramba ichienderera mberi nemamwe mabasa akadai seEuropean Space Agency (ESA) Venus Express yakatangwa muna 2005 uye Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Akatsuki muna 2010. Ava veVenus vanobatsira masayendisiti kuongorora zvakadzama zvakavanzika zvemhepo yakazadzwa nemakore esulfuric acid, kutenderera kwemhepo nekukurumidza, uye mheni inoitika ikoko.
Mupiro Wakakwana weData
Kuedza uku kwekutarisa kwakapa ruzivo rwakakwana pamusoro pemamiriro ekunze, mamiriro ekunze, uye mamiriro ekunze paVenus. Chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa chakawanikwa kwaiva kuvapo kwe "Venus colleges," iyo inoratidza kusiyana kwehukuru uye hunhu hwemhepo. Tsvagiridzo iyi inopa ruzivo rwakakosha kwete chete nezveVenus pachayo asiwo kuti mhepo yepasi inoshanduka sei uye inochinja sei nekufamba kwenguva.
Mhedziso uye Tsvagiridzo Yeramangwana
Kuwanikwa kweVenus kwave rwendo rurefu rwakazadzwa nekuwanikwa kunoshamisa uye kufambira mberi kwesainzi. Kubva pakucherechedzwa kwekare senyeredzi yakajeka mudenga kusvika kunguva yemazuva ano yemabasa emuchadenga uye tekinoroji yepamusoro, danho rega rega rakapa ruzivo rwakadzama nezvepasi. Kutsvagurudza nezveVenus kuchiri chinhu chakakosha mukutsvaga mapuraneti, nemabasa emangwana akarongwa kuburitsa zvimwe zvakavanzika zvemuvakidzani wePasi. Kunzwisisa kwakakwana kweVenus hakungowedzere ruzivo rwedu nezve solar system chete asiwo kunopa zviratidzo zvinokosha zvekudzidza mamiriro ekunze nemhepo yemamwe mapuraneti, kusanganisira Pasi pacharo.
Venus, nechakavanzika chayo chose uye runako, inoramba ichikurudzira vanhu kuti vaongorore uye vanzwisise zvakawanda nezvezvinhu zvose zvatiri kurarama. Nhoroondo refu yekutsvagisa kweVenus inoratidza chishuwo chevanhu chekutsvaga nekuongorora zvakadzama zviri pasi penyika ino inoita seiri kure uye yakasiyana. Sezvo tekinoroji iri kufambira mberi, vaongorori vanotarisira kuwana mhinduro dzakasimba pamusoro pekushanduka-shanduka kweVenus uye mukana wekuti hupenyu huvepo, kana kungoti mamiriro ezvinhu aimboitsigira, munguva yakapfuura yepasi.
