Nhoroondo yeKuwanikwa kwePlanet Venus
Nyika inonzi Venus, inowanzonzi "nyeredzi yemangwanani" kana kuti "nyeredzi yemanheru," yagara ichikwezva vanhu. Chiedza chayo chakajeka mudenga reusiku chave chiri nyaya yekuongorora nekukurukurirana kwesainzi kwezviuru zvemakore. Muchinyorwa chino, tichatevera nhoroondo refu yekuwanikwa nekutsvaga kweVenus, kubva pakucherechedza kwekutanga kusvika pakuwana kwesainzi yemazuva ano.
Zvakacherechedzwa Pakutanga
Tsika Yekare
Zvakaonekwa nezveVenus zvinogona kuteverwa kudzokera kutsika dzakasiyana-siyana dzekare. VaBhabhironi, kunenge muna 1600 BC, vakanyora kufamba kweVenus mudenga. Muzvinyorwa zvavo zvenyeredzi, Venus yaizivikanwa sa "Ninsianna." Vainyanya kufarira kufamba kwepasi nekuti ndeimwe yemapuraneti mashanu anoonekwa nemaziso asina chinhu kubva kuPasi.
MuIjipita yekare, Venus yaizivikanwa se "Tioumoutiri." VaIjipita vaigadzira makarenda uye vaironga mitambo yavo zvichibva pakutenderera kweVenus. Saizvozvowo, mungano dzechiGiriki nedzechiRoma, Venus aitaurwa samwarikadzi werudo nerunako, Aphrodite naVenus, zvichiteerana.
Nguva Yekubudirira Kweruzivo Rwenyeredzi rwechiGiriki
Ptolemy neGeocentric Model
MuGirisi yekare, mukuru wenzvimbo yekudenga aive Ptolemy, uyo aishanda muzana remakore rechipiri AD. Muenzaniso waPtolemy we geocentric, kana kuti muenzaniso wePasi-pa-pakati, waidavira kuti Venus yaitenderera Pasi pamwe chete nemamwe mapuraneti. Sekureva kwemuenzaniso uyu, Pasi raive pakati pechisiko chose, uye mitumbi yese yekudenga yaitenderera.
Kuburikidza nekuongorora kwakanyatsojeka, Ptolemy akaona kuti Venus, kufanana neMercury, haina kumbobvira yaita seiri kure neZuva mudenga. Izvi zvakapa chiratidzo chakakosha chekufamba kwakaomarara kwepasi, kunyangwe pfungwa yekutarisa denga (kuti Zuva ndiro pakati pechisiko chose) yakanga isati yagamuchirwa zvizere panguva iyoyo.
Chimurenga cheSainzi
Copernicus uye Muenzaniso weHeliocentric
Munguva pfupi iri kutevera kusvika muzana remakore rechi16, Nicolaus Copernicus akataura nezvemuenzaniso wezuva uri pakati penyika mubhuku rake rinonzi “De revolutionibus orbium coelestium” (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres). Akati Zuva, kwete Nyika, ndiro raiva pakati penyika yezuva. Mumuenzaniso uyu, Venus yaitenderera Zuva, izvo zvakatsanangura chitarisiko charo chakachinjana senyeredzi yemangwanani nenyeredzi yemanheru.
Galileo Galilei neTerescope
Kufambira mberi kwakakosha kwakatevera kwakauya muzana remakore rechi17 nekugadzirwa kwaGalileo Galilei kweteresikopu. Muna 1610, Galileo akanongedzera teresikopu yake kuVenus ndokuwana zvikamu zvayo, zvakafanana nezvikamu zveMwedzi. Uhu hwaive humbowo hwakasimba hwemuenzaniso wepakati pemwedzi waCopernicus, sezvo zvikamu izvi zvaingova nemusoro chete kana Venus ikatenderera Zuva.
Galileo akataura kuti Venus yakaratidza zvikamu zvakasiyana, kubva pamwedzi mutete kusvika pakupera, izvo zvisingagoni kutsanangurwa nemuenzaniso we geocentric. Kuwanikwa uku kwakapikisa simba resainzi rakatangwa nechechi uye kwakachinja zvakanyanya kunzwisisa kwedu solar system.
Tsvakurudzo Yemazuva Ano
Observatories uye Kunzwisisa Mhepo
Muzana remakore rechi19 nerekutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, materesikopu ane simba rekuongorora akabvumira vaongorori venyeredzi kudzidza nezveVenus zvakadzama. Zvisinei, pasi rose rakanga rakafukidzwa negore gobvu raidzivirira kuona zvakananga pamusoro paro.
Mumakore ekuma1930, nyanzvi yezvemuchadenga yekuAmerica Rupert Wildt akashandisa spectroscopy kudzidza mhepo yeVenus. Akawana kuti makore eVenus akaumbwa nesulfuric acid. Kuwanikwa uku kwakaunza ruzivo rutsva kune nharaunda yakanyanyisa yepasi.
Kuongorora Muchadenga
Nguva yekuongorora muchadenga yakaunza kunzwisisa kwakadzama kweVenus. Muna 1962, NASA yakaburitsa Mariner 2, iyo yakava chikepe chekutanga chemuchadenga chakabhururuka neVenus zvinobudirira. Mariner 2 yakadzosa data pamusoro pekupisa kwakanyanya kweVenus, zvichiratidza kuti pasi rinopisa zvakanyanya uye harigariki.
Soviet Union yakatumirawo mabasa akawanda kuVenus sechikamu chechirongwa chayo cheVenera. Kubva kuVenera 1 muna 1961 kusvika kuVenera 16 muna 1983, chirongwa ichi chakatumira maprobe akasiyana-siyana anokwanisa kumhara pamusoro peVenusian uye kutumira data kuPasi. Muna 1970, Venera 7 yakava probe yekutanga kumhara paVenus nekutumira data zvakare, kunyangwe yakangotora maminetsi makumi maviri nematatu chete.
Kuwanikwa Kutsva neTekinoroji yeRadar
Mumakore ekuma1980 nekuma1990, tekinoroji yeradar yakagonesa mamepu akarurama epamusoro peVenus. Mishoni dzeradar dzakadai seMagellan yeNASA, yakatangwa muna 1989, yakagadzira mepu inenge yese pamusoro peVenus nenzira isina kumboitika. Magellan yakaratidza zvinhu zvakaita semakomo makuru anoputika, mapani ematombo, uye zviratidzo zve tectonic activity.
Venus muzvirongwa zveramangwana
Parizvino, kuongorora Venus kuchiri chinhu chinokosha pamabasa emuchadenga mune ramangwana. Masangano emuchadenga akadai seNASA, European Space Agency (ESA), neRussian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) ari kuronga mamwe mabasa ekunzwisisa zviri nani mativi epasi reVenus, akadai sekuumbwa kwayo mumhepo uye nhoroondo yezve geology.
Muna 2021, NASA yakazivisa mabasa maviri matsva kuVenus sechikamu chechirongwa cheDiscovery: DAVINCI+ (Deep Atmosphere Venus Investigation of Noble Gases, Chemistry, and Imaging) uye VERITAS (Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy). Mabasa aya anotarisirwa kupa mipiro yakakosha mukupindura mibvunzo nezvekushanduka-shanduka kwemhepo yepasi uye geology.
Epilogue
Nenhoroondo yezvakacherechedzwa zvakatora zviuru zvemakore, Venus yagara iri nyaya inonakidza mukuongorora nyeredzi. Kubva pakucherechedza kwekutanga kwakaitwa nevanhu vekare kusvika pakuferefeta kwakadzama kwakaitwa nendege dzemuchadenga dzemazuva ano, nhoroondo yekuwanikwa nekutsvaga kwaVenus inoratidza kufambira mberi kwevanhu mukunzwisisa nyika dziri kunze kwePasi. Kunyange hazvo kunzwisisa kwedu Venus kwafambira mberi zvakanyanya, pasi richiri nedzakavanzika dzakawanda dzakamirira kuzarurwa. Kuongorora mune ramangwana kunovimbisa zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda zvinonakidza nezvemuvakidzani wedu asinganzwisisike.
