Tsanangudzo uye Nhoroondo yeAstronomy yeIslam
Kunzwisisa nyeredzi dzechiIslam
Nyanzvi yezvenyeredzi dzechiIslam, dzinowanzonzi Nguva Yegoridhe yeIslam, ibazi resainzi rakakura nekukurumidza pamwe chete nekufambira mberi kwetsika dzechiIslam kubva muzana remakore rechi8 kusvika rechi16. Izwi rekuti "nyanzvi yezvenyeredzi dzechiIslam" rinoreva kudzidza kwakarongeka kwezvinhu zvekudenga nemasayendisiti echiMuslim munyika inotongwa neIslam. Sainzi iyi inosanganisira kutarisa nekuyera nzvimbo, mafambiro, uye hunhu hwezvinhu zvekudenga zvakaita senyeredzi, mapuraneti, zuva, nemwedzi.
Sei izwi iri richishandisa izwi rekuti "Islamic"? Panguva iyoyo, nyeredzi iyi yakagadzirwa kwete chete kuti ibatsire paruzivo rwevanhu vose asiwo yakabatana zvakanyanya nezvinodiwa zvechitendero cheIslam, zvakaita sekuona kwakananga Qibla, kuona nguva dzemunamato, uye kuona kutanga kwemwedzi weHijri.
Nhoroondo yeIslamic Astronomy
1. Kwakatangira uye Kupesvedzera kweShanduro
Kuongorora nyeredzi dzechiIslam kwakavakirwa patsika dzesainzi dzemarudzi akasiyana-siyana ekare, akadai seGreece, India, nePersia. Chinhu chakakosha munhoroondo yekuongorora nyeredzi dzechiIslam kwaive kuedza kukuru kushandura mabasa esainzi ekune dzimwe nyika muchiArabic panguva yeAbbasid Caliphate, kunyanya muzana remakore rechi8 nerechi9. Kushandura uku kwaitungamirirwa nemasangano esainzi akadai se "Bait al-Hikmah" (Imba yeUchenjeri) muBaghdad.
Basa guru raPtolemy, nyanzvi yezvenyeredzi yechiGiriki, rakashandurwa muchiArabic, rikapihwa zita rekuti "Al-Mijisti." Basa iri, pamwe chete nemabhuku esainzi eIndia nePersia, rakaisa hwaro hwekuti masayendisiti echiMuslim aongorore zvinhu nemazvo, agadzire dzidziso, uye averenge zvinhu nemazvo.
2. Vanhu Vakakosha
– Al-Farghani (805-880): Muunganidzi wechinyorwa chekutanga chekuongorora nyeredzi chinozivikanwa se “Elementa Astronomica” kana kuti “Al-Mijisti as-Saghir”. Basa rake rinopa ruzivo rwehurongwa hwePtolemaic uye rakava nepesvedzero huru kuMabvazuva neKumadokero kwemazana emakore.
– Al-Battani (850-929): Aizivikanwa kuMadokero saAlbategnius, akagadzirisa zvakakosha pane zvakataurwa naPtolemy. Bhuku raAl-Battani rinonzi "Kitab az-Zij" (Bhuku reZij) rinopa matafura enyeredzi akarurama kwazvo akaramba achishandiswa kusvika panguva yeRenaissance.
– Al-Biruni (973-1048): Akagadzira mabasa akawanda pamusoro pekuongorora nyeredzi netrigonometry. Akanyatsoongorora daro riri pakati peNyika neZuva, kufamba kweMwedzi, uye chiitiko chekuora kwemwedzi.
– Ibn al-Haytham (965-1040): Anozivikanwa saAlhazen kuMadokero, akanyora "Bhuku reOptics" iro rakapesvedzera kukura kweoptics nenyeredzi muEurope.
– Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274): Kugadzwa kwenzvimbo yekuongorora nyeredzi yeMaragha muIran iyo yakava imwe yenzvimbo dzinotungamira dzekuongorora nyeredzi dzemunguva iyoyo. Al-Tusi inozivikanwa ne "Tusi couple," nzira yejometri yakavandudza modhi yaPtolemy.
3. Kudzidzira Kucherechedza uye Kucherechedza
Nzvimbo dzekuongorora nyeredzi dzakava chishandiso chakakosha mukusimudzira nyeredzi dzechiIslam. Pakati padzo pane Ray Observatory muIran, Baghdad Observatory yakavambwa naAl-Ma'mun, uye Maragha Observatory inotungamirwa naNasir al-Din al-Tusi. Nyanzvi dzenyeredzi dzechiMuslim dzakaongorora mafambiro ezvisikwa zvemudenga, dzakagadzira matafura ekuongorora nyeredzi akadzama, uye dzakavaka zvishandiso zvekuongorora zvakaita seastrolabes ne sextants.
4. Simba uye Nhaka kuNyika dzekumadokero
Nyanzvi dzenyeredzi dzechiIslam dzakazopedzisira dzaita basa guru mukukura kwesainzi muEurope. Mabasa mazhinji enyeredzi dzechiMuslim akashandurirwa muchiLatin uye akazova manyuko makuru emasayendisiti ekuEurope munguva yeMiddle Ages neRenaissance. Semuenzaniso, basa raAl-Battani rakashandurirwa uye rakadzidzwa naCopernicus, Kepler, naGalileo.
Kufarira nyeredzi munyika yeIslam kwaisangova kwezvinangwa zvesainzi chete, asiwo kwetsika dzechitendero. Kusarudza nguva dzeminamato, kwaienda Qibla, uye karenda yeHijri kwakakurudzira maMuslim kudzidza nekuvandudza nyeredzi zvakadzama.
5. Kuderera kweSainzi yeIslam
Kudzikira kwedzidzo yenyeredzi yechiIslam kwakatanga kuonekwa muzana remakore rechi15 nerechi16, zvichifambirana nekumuka kweEurope neRenaissance neScientific Revolution. Kudzikira uku kwakakonzerwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, nekuchinja kwezvematongerwo enyika nehuwandu hwevanhu, pamwe nekushaikwa kwerutsigiro rwemasangano nemari yekusimudzira sainzi munyika yechiIslam.
Kunyange zvakadaro, simba rekuongorora nyeredzi dzechiIslam richiripo nanhasi. Mipiro yavo, kusanganisira nzira itsva dzekutarisa, zviridzwa zvekuongorora nyeredzi, uye kugadzirisa nekunatsiridza dzidziso dzekare dzekuongorora nyeredzi, zvinomiririra zviitiko zvakakosha munhoroondo yekukura kwekuongorora nyeredzi.
Mhedziso
Nyanzvi yezvenyeredzi yeIslam inopa maonero akadzama uye akapfuma pamusoro pekukura kwesainzi. Kuburikidza nekudzidza kwakakosha uye kuongorora kwakadzama, masayendisiti echiMuslim haana kungogadzira dzidziso dziripo chete asiwo akagadzira hwaro hutsva mukuongorora zvenyeredzi. Tsika iyi yesainzi inoratidza kuti kusanganiswa kwezvinodiwa zvechitendero nemabasa esainzi kunogona sei kupa mhedzisiro inobatsira vanhu vese.
Nguva nenguva, simba rekuongorora nyeredzi dzechiIslam richaramba richionekwa, kwete chete munhaka yebasa rake asiwo mumweya wesainzi unotungamirwa nekuda kuziva kwakadzama uye kuzvipira.
