Mhepo yemapuraneti muSolar System
Mhepo igumbeze remagasi akakomberedza pasi kana chimwe chinhu chekudenga. Kuvapo kwayo kunoratidza zvakanyanya "chiso" chepasi: tembiricha yaro pamusoro, mamiriro ekunze, kugona kuchengetedza kupisa, dziviriro kubva kumwaranzi inokuvadza, uye kunyange mukana wekutsigira hupenyu. Muhurongwa hwezuva, pasi rega rega rine mamiriro ekunze ane chimiro chakasiyana, ukobvu, uye mafambiro akasiyana. Misiyano iyi inoumbwa nekureba kwayo kubva kuZuva, huremu hwepasi (gravity), basa rejiyoroji, kuvapo kwesimba remagineti, uye nhoroondo yekuumbwa kwepasi. Chinyorwa chino chinotaura nezvemhepo dzepasi guru muhurongwa hwezuva nezvimwe zvezvinhu zvinoita kuti dzive dzakasiyana.
1. Mercury: Hapana Chakavanzika Chiripo
Mercury ndiyo puraneti iri pedyo neZuva uye ndeimwe yepuraneti diki. Simba remuchadenga reMercury harina kusimba, uye tembiricha yepamusoro payo yakanyanya: inopisa zvikuru masikati uye inotonhora zvikuru husiku. Mamiriro aya anoita kuti zviomere Mercury kuchengetedza mhepo yakakora.
Mercury haina mhepo yakajairika, asi ine exosphere yakatetepa kwazvo. Iyi exosphere inoumbwa nemaatomu anoburitswa kubva pamusoro nemhepo yezuva uye micrometeoroids, dzakadai sesodium, potassium, oxygen, helium, uye hydrogen. Nekuti yakatetepa kudaro, exosphere yeMercury haigone kuchengetedza kupisa uye haiburitse mamiriro ekunze sezvatinoziva.
2. Venus: Mhepo Yakakora uye Mhedzisiro Yakanyanya Yekudziya Kwepasi
Venus inowanzonzi "mapatya ePasi" nekuda kwehukuru hwayo nehuremu hwayo hwakafanana. Zvisinei, mhepo yeVenus inoratidza kuti mapuraneti anogona kuchinja zvakanyanya sei. Venus ine mhepo yakakora kwazvo, inotongwa necarbon dioxide (CO₂) ine makore esulfuric acid. Kumanikidzwa kwemhepo pamusoro penyika kwakapetwa ka90 kupfuura kwePasi, zvakaenzana nekumanikidzwa kuri pakadzika kweinenge 1 km mumakungwa ePasi.
Chinonyanya kushamisa ikupisa kwakanyanya kweVenus pamusoro, kunodarika 460°C. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekupisa kwepasi: CO₂ yakawanda inobata mwaranzi inopisa, ichibata kupisa. Uyezve, makore akakora anoratidza mamwe emwaranzi yeZuva, asi kupisa kunodzivirirwa kuti kusabude. Mhepo dziri mumhepo yepamusoro yeVenus dzinokurumidzawo, zvichigadzira chiitiko chinonzi "super-rotation," apo mhepo inotenderera nekukurumidza kupfuura pasi payo.
3. Pasi: Mhepo Yakadzikama yeHupenyu
Mhepo yepasi yakasiyana nedzimwe mu solar system nekuti inotsigira hupenyu hwakawanda. Muumbirwo wayo uzere ne nitrogen (inenge 78%) uye oxygen (inenge 21%), ine zvisaririra zve argon, carbon dioxide, water vapor, nemamwe magasi. Kuvapo kweoxygen yakawanda kunokonzerwa nemaitiro ehupenyu, kunyanya photosynthesis.
Mhepo yepasi ine zvikamu zvakaita se troposphere (kwakaitika mamiriro ekunze), stratosphere (ine ozone inonwisa mwaranzi ye ultraviolet), mesosphere, thermosphere, uye exosphere. Mhute yemvura ine basa rakakosha mukuumbwa kwemakore, kunaya kwemvura, uye kudzora tembiricha. Mhedzisiro yechisikigo yeCO₂, mhute yemvura, uye methane inoita kuti Nyika irambe ichidziya. Simba remagineti repasi rinobatsirawo kudzivirira mhepo kubva mukukukurwa nemhepo yezuva.
4. Mars: Mhepo yakatetepa uye inotonhora
Mars ine mhepo yakatetepa kupfuura Pasi, ine kumanikidzwa kwepamusoro kuri pasi pe1% yePasi. Mhepo yayo inonyanya kuve carbon dioxide, ine nitrogen shoma neargon. Nekuda kwemhepo yayo yakatetepa, Mars haichengetedzi kupisa zvakanaka, zvichikonzera tembiricha yakaderera uye tembiricha yakakura yemasikati nehusiku.
Mars inozivikanwa nemadutu ayo eguruva, ayo anogona kupararira kubva kunzvimbo dziri pedyo kusvika kunenge pasi rose. PaMars poles, chando chemvura nechando checarbon dioxide (chando chakaoma) zvinodzika pasi uye zvinonaya nemwaka, zvichikanganisa kumanikidzwa kwemhepo nekufamba kwenguva. Masayendisiti anofungidzira kuti Mars yaimbova nemhepo yakakora nemvura yemvura kare, asi imwe yemhepo iyi yakarasika nekuda kwesimba regiravhiti uye kurasikirwa nedziviriro yesimba rakasimba remagineti repasi rose.
5. Jupiter: Mhepo Inochinja-chinja yeGasi Guru
Jupiter ndiyo nyika hombe ine gasi guru mu solar system. Mhepo yayo inotongwa nehydrogen ne helium, zvakafanana neZuva, ine zvisaririra zve methane, ammonia, uye utsi hwemvura. Jupiter haina nzvimbo yakasimba sePasi; sezvaunofamba uchienda mukati menyika, magasi acho anova akaomarara kusvika achinja kuita fluid layer.
Mhepo yaJupiter inoratidzwa nemapoka emakore ane mavara uye madutu makuru akaita seGreat Red Spot, dutu rakagara kwenguva yakareba kwemazana emakore. Mhepo paJupiter inogona kukurumidza zvikuru, uye kusiyana kwekupisa nekuumbwa kwayo kunogadzira makore akaomarara. Mheni inoonekwawo, zvichiratidza mamiriro ekunze akaomarara.
6. Saturn: Makore eAmonia neMadutu eMwaka
Saturn iguru remhepo rine mhepo ine hydrogen nehelium. Mukuona, mhepo yeSaturn inoita kunge yakanyarara kupfuura yeJupiter, asi ichiri nemafambiro akakosha, kusanganisira madutu makuru emwaka. Imwe nzira inonakidza ndeye chimiro chehexagonal pamucheto wekuchamhembe weSaturn, icho chinotendwa kuti chine chekuita nemafungu emhepo uye mapatani emhepo akagadzikana.
Makore eSaturn ane ammonia, uye kune rimwe gore, ringangodaro rakaumbwa neammonium hydrosulfide nemvura, rakadzika mumhepo. Nekuti Saturn inoburitsa kupisa kwemukati, simba iri rinobatsira kutungamira mhepo yayo nemamiriro ekunze.
7. Uranus: Mhepo inotonhora ine Methane
Uranus i "chando chikuru," ine musanganiswa wemukati wakapfuma mumvura, ammonia, uye methane muchimiro chemvura pasi pemhepo. Mhepo yeUranus inotongwa nehydrogen nehelium, asi methane iri mumhepo yepamusoro inotora chiedza chitsvuku, zvichiita kuti Uranus iite sebhuruu.
Uranus ndeimwe yemapuraneti anotonhora zvikuru uye ine kutenderera kwakanyanya (mhedzisiro "yekutenderera"). Izvi zvinoita kuti mwaka weUranus uve usina kujairika, nedanda rega rega riine mazuva kana husiku hwakareba zvakanyanya. Uranus yaimboonekwa se "yakanyarara," asi ongororo dzemazuva ano dzinoratidza kuchinja kwemadutu nemakore, zvichiratidza kuti mamiriro ekunze haagari akadzikama.
8. Neptune: Mhepo Dzinokurumidza Kupfuura Dzose MuSolar System
Neptune imwe hofori yechando ine mhepo ine hydrogen, helium, uye methane. Pasinei nedaro rayo kubva kuZuva, Neptune ine mhepo inoshanda zvikuru. Mhepo dziri paNeptune dziri pakati pedzinokurumidza kupfuura dzimwe dzose mu solar system, dzinosvika kumhanya kweanopfuura 1.000 km/awa.
Neptune yakaratidzawo madutu makuru akafanana neJupiter's Red Spot, akadai se "Great Dark Spot" yakaonekwa munguva yeVoyager 2. Chiitiko ichi chinofungidzirwa kuti chinokonzerwa nekupisa kwakanyanya kwemukati, zvekuti kunyangwe simba rezuva rinogamuchirwa riri diki, simba remuchadenga rinoramba rakanyanya.
Zvinhu Zvinoumba Mhepo Yepasi
Kazhinji, mamiriro ekunze epasi anokonzerwa nezvinhu zvakakosha zvakati wandei:
1. Simba regiravhiti: Mapuraneti ane simba guru anokwanisa kuchengetedza magasi akareruka zviri nani.
2. Kureba kubva kuZuva: Kunokanganisa tembiricha uye rudzi rwechinhu chinogona kuramba chiri gasi kana kuti chiri muchando.
3. Simba remagineti: Rinodzivirira mhepo kubva mukukukurwa nemhepo yezuva.
4. Mabasa epasi: Makomo anoputika uye maitiro emukati menyika zvinogona kupa magasi matsva mumhepo.
5. Nhoroondo yekutanga kwepasi: Kubonderana kukuru uye kushanduka-shanduka kwekutanga kunogona kuchinja kana kubvisa mhepo.
Penutup
Mhepo dziri mumapuraneti ari mudenga redu rezuva dzinoratidza kusiyana-siyana kunoshamisa—kubva kuMercury's exosphere yakatetepa kusvika kugumbeze reVenus rakazara CO₂, kubva kumasystem emamiriro ekunze anoenzanisa hupenyu paNyika kusvika kumadutu makuru eJupiter nemhepo inokurumidza yeNeptune. Kudzidza mamiriro ekunze hakungotibatsiri chete kunzwisisa mamiriro ekunze pane mamwe mapuraneti asiwo kunotidzidzisa zvidzidzo zvakakosha nezvemamiriro ekunze, kushanda kwekudzivirira kwechisikigo, uye kuti mapuraneti anogarwa sei kana kuti anova akaipisisa. Nekufambira mberi mumabasa emuchadenga nematelescope, ruzivo rwedu rwemamiriro ekunze emapuraneti rucharamba ruchiwedzera, ruchiratidza nzwisiso itsva pamusoro penzvimbo yedu muchadenga.
