Dzidziso ye inflation ye cosmic ndeimwe yefungidziro dzakawanda dzesainzi dzinovavarira kutsanangura mumwe wemibvunzo mikuru mu cosmology: nyika yedu yakakura yakabva sei kubva pakuva diki uye yakakora pakutanga? Yakaunzwa nenyanzvi yefizikisi Alan Guth muna 1980, pfungwa iyi yakabatsira kugadzirisa mapuzzle akati wandei ayo dzidziso yechinyakare ye "Big Bang" yakanga yatambura kutsanangura.
Zvisinei, tisati tanyatsoongorora dzidziso ye cosmic inflation, zvakanaka kutanga tanzwisisa mamiriro ezvinhu ekuti sei dzidziso iyi ichidiwa.
Matambudziko mudzidziso yeBig Bang
Dzidziso yeBig Bang yagara iriyo tsananguro huru yekwakabva zvinhu zvose. Sekureva kwedzidziso iyi, zvinhu zvose zvakatanga senzvimbo ine simba uye inopisa zvikuru iyo yakazoputika ndokukura. Kunyangwe dzidziso yeBig Bang yakabudirira zvikuru mukutsanangura zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvemuchadenga, zvakaita se cosmic microwave background (CMB) uye kupararira kwemagalaxies, kune matambudziko akati wandei ayo dzidziso yacho isingakwanise kutsanangura, anosanganisira:
1. Dambudziko rekuti zvinhu zvakati sandara: Zvakaonekwa zvinoratidza kuti zvinhu zvose zvakati sandara (zvichida kuita seEuclidean geometry). Sezvo zvinhu zvose zvichifanira kukombama nekufamba kwenguva, izvi zvinoda mamiriro ekutanga akakosha.
2. Dambudziko reHorizon: Munyika yese inoonekwa, tembiricha yemwaranzi yeCMB inenge yakafanana. Masayendisiti ari kushamisika kuti sei zvikamu zvenyika zvisingambotaurirane (nekuda kwekumhanya kwechiedza) zvine tembiricha yakafanana.
3. Dambudziko reMonopole: Dzidziso dzefizikisi dzinoratidza kuti mamonopole ane magineti akakura anofanira kunge akaumbwa muhuwandu hwakawanda muchadenga chepakutanga. Zvisinei, zvakacherechedzwa zvinoratidza kuti hationi zvidimbu izvi muhuwandu hwakakosha.
Chii chinonzi Cosmic Inflation Theory?
Dzidziso ye cosmic inflation kuyedza kugadzirisa nyaya idzi nekutaura kuti paive nechikamu chekuwedzera kukuru kwe exponential munharaunda yekare kwazvo yenhoroondo yenyika, kubva pamasekondi angangoita \(10^{-36}\) kusvika \(10^{-32}\) mushure meBig Bang.
Kukwira Kwemitengo Kunoshanda Sei?
Chaizvoizvo, inflation inotsanangura nguva iyo nyika yakawedzera nekukurumidza kupfuura kuwedzera kwakajairika. Kukura uku kunokurumidza kupfuura kumhanya kwechiedza, kunyangwe zvichiri kuenderana nehukama hwese nekuti nzvimbo pachayo iri kuwedzera, kwete zvinhu zvinofamba mairi.
Zvinoenderana nedzidziso iyi, inflation yakakonzerwa ne scalar field inonzi "inflaton." Simba rinogona kuwanikwa re inflation field rakatonga huwandu hwesimba remuchadenga pakutanga kwaro, zvichikonzera kukura nekukurumidza. Inflation payakapera, simba riri mu inflation field rakachinjwa kuita zvidimbu zviripo nhasi, uye muchadenga makapinda muchikamu chinononoka, chinoenderana nezvatiri kuona pari zvino.
Mabhenefiti edzidziso yeCosmic Inflation
1. Kugadzirisa Dambudziko reKusatsetseka: Kutsakatika kwemhepo kwakaswededza muchadenga pedyo nemamiriro akaenzana zvakakwana. Pakaitika kutsakatika kwemhepo, chero kutenderera kwenzvimbo nenguva kwaideredzwa nekukura nekukurumidza. Izvi zvinotsanangura chikonzero nei tichiona muchadenga wakafanana neEuclidean nhasi.
2. Kutsanangura Dambudziko reHorizon: Kukwira kwemitengo kunofungidzira kuti nguva yekukwira kwemitengo isati yasvika, nyika yese yaive mumamiriro akafanana (ehomogeneous uye isotropic) pazviyero zvidiki kwazvo. Nguva yekukwira kwemitengo yakabva yawedzera nzvimbo iyi yakafanana kusvika pazviyero zvepasi rose zvatinoona nhasi, zvichitsanangura kufanana kwekupisa kweCMB mudenga rose.
3. Kugadzirisa Dambudziko reMonopole: Kukwira kwemitengo kunodzivirira kuumbwa kwehuwandu hwakawanda hwemamonopole. Kana kukwira kwemitengo kukaitika, chero zvidimbu zvemonopole zviripo zvinotakurwa kure kupfuura tarisiro yedu yekutarisa, zvichiita kuti zvive zvisingawanzoonekwi muchadenga chedu chinoonekwa.
Migumisiro yekutarisa uye yekuedza
Imwe yefungidziro huru dzedzidziso ye inflation inyaya yespectral pattern ye cosmic background radiation. Zvakaonekwa ne COBE, WMAP, uye Planck satellites zvakapa humbowo hwakasimba hunotsigira inflation, zvinoenderana ne quantum fluctuations dzaivapo inflation isati yaitika. Data iri rinotsigira pfungwa yekuti chimiro chikuru chepasi rose chinobva pa quantum fluctuations.
Uyezve, inflation inofanotaura maitiro chaiwo muCMB anonzi "B-mode polarization." Kuedza kwekutarisa kuona chiratidzo ichi kuri kuitwa uchishandisa matelesikopu epamusoro akadai seBICEP2 neSouth Pole Telescope.
Kutsoropodzwa uye Matambudziko
Kunyangwe dzidziso ye inflation ye cosmic ichikwezva zvikuru uye ichipa mhinduro kumatambudziko akati wandei nedzidziso yechinyakare yeBig Bang, inotarisanawo nekutsoropodzwa. Chimwe chezvinonyanya kutsoropodzwa kusanzwisisa zvakajeka mashandiro emunda we inflaton pachawo. Kusvika pari zvino, hapana chidimbu kana munda muStandard Model ye particle physics unoenderana nehunhu hwemunda we inflaton hwakakurudzirwa nedzidziso ye inflation.
Vamwe masayendisiti vanofungawo kuti dzidziso ye inflation yakanyanya kuchinjika uye inochinjika kune mhando dzakasiyana dzekucherechedza, nokudaro ichideredza simba rayo rekufanotaura. Kutaura zvazviri, dzimwe ongororo dzinobvunza kana inflation pachayo inogona kuyedzwa nenzira yakavimbika kuburikidza nekucherechedza.
Mhedziso
Dzidziso ye inflation yemuchadenga inhanho huru mu cosmology yemazuva ano, ichipa mhinduro yakanaka kumatambudziko akati wandei nedzidziso yechinyakare yeBig Bang. Pasinei nekusangana nematambudziko akawanda nekutsoropodzwa, humbowo hwakawanda hwekucherechedza hunotsigira pfungwa iyi. Tsvagiridzo nekuvandudzwa kuri kuenderera mberi kuti tivandudze kunzwisisa kwedu inflation, izvo zvinogonawo kuvhura mahwindo matsva mufizikisi yepakutanga nekwakabva muchadenga chedu.
Sezvakaita sainzi, dzidziso ye inflation iri kuramba ichichinja, uye ramangwana rinogona kuburitsa zvimwe zvakavanzika zvechisiko ichi chinoshamisa. Ibasa revasayendisiti, vachishandisa maturusi ekuongorora uye ekuedza ari kuwedzera, kugadzirisa matambudziko aya uye kuwedzera kunzwisisa kwedu zvakaitika munguva dzekutanga dzechisiko.
