Matekiniki Ekuchera Matongo muArchaeology
Kuchera chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvekuchera matongo. Kuburikidza nekuchera kwakarongeka, vanochera matongo vanotsvaga kuwana, kunyora, uye kududzira zvasara zvenguva yakapfuura—kubva pazvinhu zvidiki zvakaita sezvimedu zvehari kusvika kuzvivakwa zvikuru zvakaita senheyo dzekuvaka, makuva, kana masisitimu ekudiridza ekare. Zvisinei, kuchera hakusi kungo "chera ivhu." Inzira yesainzi inoda kunyatsorongeka, kuronga kwakanyatsonaka, uye mitemo yakasimba yekunyora, nekuti ivhu rega rega rakafukidzwa i "peji" renhoroondo risingagone kudzorerwa. Ndosaka kuchera kuchiwanzotsanangurwa senzira inoparadza: kana yacherwa, mamiriro ekutanga anorasika, zvichiita kuti kunyora kuve kwakakosha sezviwanikwa zvacho.
Zvinangwa uye Nheyo Dzekutanga dzeKuchera
Chinangwa chekuchera chinogona kusiyana, zvichienderana nezvinodiwa pakutsvagisa. Kumwe kuchera kunoitwa kuti kupindure mibvunzo chaiyo yesainzi, senge nezvenguva yekugara kwevanhu, maitiro ekurarama, kana shanduko yetsika. Mamwe marudzi ekuchera kununura anoitwa kana nzvimbo iri panjodzi yekukuvadzwa nekuvakwa kwemigwagwa, migodhi, kana mapurojekiti ezvivakwa. Muzviitiko zvese izvi, misimboti yekutanga yakafanana: kuchengetedza mamiriro ezvakawanikwa uye kuburitsa pachena stratigraphy (ivhu rakatsetseka) nenzira inodzorwa.
Nheyo inokosha inogara ichitevedzwa mutemo we stratigraphy: kazhinji, zvidimbu zvepasi zvakatokura kupfuura zviri pamusoro pazvo, kunze kwekunge zvakanganiswa nekucherazve, mabasa emhuka, midzi yemiti, kana kukurwa kwevhu. Vanochera matongo vanofanira kukwanisa kuona mutsauko muzvidimbu—zvichibva paruvara, magadzirirwo, kuumbwa, kana zviri mukati mezvinhu—uye kucherechedza hukama huripo pakati pazvo kuti vaone kutevedzana kwezviitiko panzvimbo yacho.
Danho rekutanga rekuronga uye rekuongorora
Vasati vatanga kuchera, timu iyi inowanzoita ongororo yekutanga. Chikamu ichi chinosanganisira ongororo yemabhuku, mepu yenzvimbo, kubvunzurudza vagari vemo, uye ongororo yepamusoro kuti vaone kuparadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakawanikwa. Ongororo dzemazuva ano dzinogonawo kushandisa matekinoroji e geophysical akadai se radar inopinda pasi (GPR), magnetometers, kana electrical resistivity kuti "vaone" zvinhu zviri pasi pevhu pasina kuchera. Mifananidzo yemudenga nemifananidzo yesatellite, kusanganisira LiDAR scans munzvimbo dzine masango, zvinowanzobatsira kuona zviratidzo zvezvivakwa zvekare kana mapatani enzvimbo.
Mhedzisiro yeongororo iyi inoshandiswa kuona nzvimbo inofanira kucherwa, kugadzwa kwezvinangwa, kufungidzira mafambiro enzvimbo, uye kufanoona njodzi. Zvinhu zvakaita semvumo (pamutemo), kuchengetedzeka, kuchengetedzwa kwezvakawanikwa, uye kubatanidzwa kwevanobatanidzwa munharaunda zvinhu zvakakoshawo.
Kugadzwa kweSisitimu yeGrid uye Nzvimbo Yekudzora
Kana kuchera kwatanga, nzvimbo yacho inowanzo patsanurwa kuita grid squares uchishandisa zvimiti netambo. Sisitimu yegrid inobatsira kuona kuti kuchera nekurekodha zvakarongeka uye inobvumira kuti zvakawanikwa zviongororwe nemazvo. Nzvimbo dzedata dzinoiswa kuti dzipe kukwirira uye kurongeka kwezviratidzo. Vachishandisa zvishandiso zvekuyera zvakaita se theodolite, nzvimbo yese, kana differential GPS, vanochera matongo vanonyora nemazvo nzvimbo yezviwanikwa, miganhu yezvinhu, uye shanduko dzekukwirira. Data iri rakakosha, sezvo dudziro yezvakacherwa ichitsamira pahukama hwenzvimbo: panowanikwa chinhu chakakosha sechinhu chacho.
Maitiro Ekuchera: Kusvipa uye Mamiriro Ezvinhu
Kazhinji, kune nzira mbiri huru dzekuchera, dzinoti kuchera zvichibva pa "kusvipa" (machira ekugadzira) uye kuchera zvichibva pa "mamiriro ezvinhu" kana kuti stratigraphy yechisikigo.
Kuchera mate kunosanganisira kubvisa ivhu panguva dzakasiyana-siyana, senge 5 kana 10 cm yega yega, kunyanya kana miganhu yechisikigo yakaoma kuona. Nzira iyi inobatsira kuchengetedza kudzora kwakamira uye kubatsira ongororo yekupararira kwezvinhu pakadzika chaipo. Zvisinei, nzira yekutema mate ine njodzi ye "kucheka" mate echisikigo kana ikasaitwa nokungwarira.
Kusiyana neizvi, kuchera zvinhu munzvimbo inoedza kutevedzera miganhu yezvikamu zvechisikigo uye zvinhu zvinoonekwa, zvakaita semadota, mafashamo, pasi pedzimba, kana maburi. Nzira iyi inoonekwa seyakanakisa nekuti inochengetedza kurongeka kwemaburi zvakanyatsonaka. Mapurojekiti mazhinji emazuva ano ekuchera matongo anosanganisa zviviri izvi, achichinja hunhu hwevhu nezvinangwa zvekutsvagisa.
Zvishandiso uye Maitiro Ekushanda Mumunda
Kuchera matongo kunoshandisa maturusi akasiyana-siyana, kubva pazviri nyore kusvika kune zvemhando yepamusoro. Mafoshoro nemapiki zvinoshandiswa kubvisa ivhu rakawanda pakutanga, asi sezvazvinosvika pazvikamu zvakakosha kana zvinowanikwa zvisina kusimba, vanochera matongo vanotendeukira kumidziyo yakapfava yakaita sematrowels, mabhurashi, maspatula, uye kunyange zvishandiso zvemazino. Masese anoshandiswa kutsvaira ivhu kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti zvidimbu zvidiki—zvakaita semapfupa ehove, mabhesi, tsanga dzakapiswa, kana matombo—hazvipotse. Pane dzimwe nzvimbo, kutenderera kunoshandiswa kuparadzanisa zvasara zve micro-botanical kubva mumatope, zvichibatsira kuvakazve kudya kwakapfuura nenzvimbo.
Basa remumunda rinosimbisa kuchena kwemavara uye kururama kwenzvimbo. Kuchinja kwese kwevhu kunonyorwa, chinhu chega chega chinodhirowa, uye zvese zvinowanikwa zvinonyorwa. Mukuita, timu inoshanda zvishoma nezvishoma kudzivirira kuparadza mamiriro acho ezvinhu. Kuchera nekukurumidza kunogona kurasikirwa neruzivo rwunokosha kupfuura zvinhu zvekuvaka pachazvo.
Zvinyorwa: Zvinyorwa, Mifananidzo, Mifananidzo, uye 3D
Magwaro ndiwo musimboti wekuchera. Vanochera matongo vanochengeta madhayari emumunda ane tsananguro dzezvikamu, dudziro dzekutanga, mamiriro ekunze, uye sarudzo dzenzira. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinopihwa nhamba yakasiyana, uye zvinhu zvakagadzirwa zvinopihwa makodhi anozvibatanidza nemamiriro ezvinhu iwayo.
Pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvakanyorwa, magwaro ekuona akakoshawo. Mifananidzo inotorwa isati yacherwa, panguva, uye mushure mekuchera—nechiyero chakajeka uye kuchamhembe. Mifananidzo yeinjiniya inogadzirwawo yemapurani nezvikamu kuratidza stratigraphy. Nhasi, 3D scanning uye photogrammetry zviri kushandiswa zvakanyanya kunyora nemazvo chimiro chezvinhu kana zvivakwa, zvichigadzira mamodheru edhijitari anogona kuongororwazve kunyangwe nzvimbo yacho yavharwa.
Kutarisira Kuwanikwa uye Kuchengetedza
Kana chinhu chakawanikwa, danho rinotevera nderekutarisira zvakanaka. Zvinhu zvinowanzo tsvairwa zvishoma, kuomeswa, uye kuchengetwa mumabhegi kana mumabhokisi ane mazita. Pazvinhu zvisina kusimba zvakaita sesimbi yaora, huni dzakanyorova, kana machira, kubata kunoda kungwarira kwakanyanya uye kazhinji kunoda rubatsiro rwemuchengeti wezvinhu. Kunyangwe chikanganiso chidiki, senge kuomeswa nekukurumidza, chinogona kukonzera kutsemuka kana kukuvara zvachose.
Mienzaniso inounganidzwawo kuti iongororwe nesainzi, yakaita semarasha ekuongorora nguva ye radiocarbon, sediment yekuongorora pollen, kana mapfupa ekuongorora isotope. Kuongororwa kwemienzaniso kunofanirwa kunyorwa zvakajeka kuitira kuti mhedzisiro yerabhoritari ikwanise kuenderana nemamiriro ekare.
Kuchera Makuva Uye Kuchera Makuva
Maitiro ekuchera anosiyanawo zvichienderana nerudzi rwezvakawanikwa. Pakuchera zvivakwa (semuenzaniso, madziro, pasi, kana migero), vanochera matongo vanofanirwa kuvhura zvishoma nezvishoma miganhu yezvimiro, kuona matanho ekuvaka, uye kusiyanisa pakati pekugadzirisa, kugadzirisa, uye kuputsika. Panzvimbo dzekugara, maburi kana mavanga emoto zvinogona kuoneka sekuchinja kudiki kweruvara rwevhu, zvichiita kuti ziso rakanyatsotarisa rekuverenga "zviratidzo" zvevhu rive hunyanzvi hwakakosha.
Kuchera makuva kune matambudziko akakosha, mune zvehunyanzvi uye mutsika. Nzvimbo yemafupa, kutarisana kwemuviri, zvinhu zvemakuva, uye mamiriro evhu zvinofanirwa kunyorwa zvakadzama nekuda kwekukosha kwazvo kutsika uye kuzivikanwa kwevanhu. Uyezve, kufukura zvitunha zvevanhu kunoda mvumo, maitiro etsika, uye kunzwisiswa kwetsika, kunyanya kana nharaunda dzevapenyu dzine hukama hwenhoroondo nenzvimbo iyi.
Kuvharwa kweSaiti uye Kushuma
Kana kuchera kwapera, nzvimbo yakacherwa inowanzo vharwazve kuchengetedza zvivakwa zvasara kana zvidimbu zvisati zvadzidzwa, kunze kwekunge nzvimbo yacho yachengetedzwa senzvimbo yakavhurika. Chikamu chekupedzisira chekuchera chinosanganisira kuongorora zvinhu zvekare, kugadzirisa data renzvimbo, kududzira stratigraphic, uye kunyora mishumo yesainzi. Kunyora mishumo chinhu chakakosha nekuti kunopa veruzhinji nevedzidzo mukana wekuwana mhinduro dzekutsvaga. Pasina mishumo yakakodzera, kuchera kunorasikirwa nehukuru hwazvo hwesainzi.
Penutup
Maitiro ekuchera matongo mukuchera matongo anobatanidza hunyanzvi hunoshanda uye nzira dzesainzi. Anoda kucherechedzwa, magwaro akanyatsonaka, kugona kunzwisisa pfungwa dze stratigraphic, uye kugona kushanda muchikwata. Kupfuura kungotsvaga zvinhu zvekare, kuchera kunovavarira kuvakazve mabasa ekare evanhu kuburikidza nemamiriro ezvinhu, zvikamu, uye hukama hwenzvimbo hwakachengetedzwa muvhu. Nekuti maitiro acho haagone kudzokororwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana, vanochera matongo vemazuva ano vanoedza kuchera nokungwarira, kunyora pasi zvakakwana, uye kududzira zvine hungwaru. Saka, nzvimbo yega yega yakawanikwa inogona kupa mupiro une revo mukunzwisisa kwedu nhoroondo yevanhu netsika.
