Kusiyana pakati pePrehistoric Archaeology neHistorical Archaeology
Kuchera matongo isayenzi inodzidza zvakapfuura vanhu kuburikidza nezvasara zvezvinhu zvavakasiya, zvakaita sezvishandiso, zvivakwa, zvasara zvekudya, uye nzvimbo dzakaumbwa nemabasa evanhu. Mukuita, kuchera matongo kune mapazi akasiyana-siyana uye hunyanzvi. Mapoka maviri anonyanya kushandiswa kusiyanisa chinangwa chekudzidza nezvekuchera matongo ndeekare kare nekare kare. Ose anovavarira kunzwisisa hupenyu hwevanhu hwekare , asi akasiyana mumhando dzemanyuko, nguva, nzira, uye nzira dzekududzira data.
Inotevera itsananguro yakajeka uye yakazara yemusiyano uripo pakati pezvidzidzo zvekare zvekare nezvezvidzidzo zvekare.
1. Kusiyana kweTsananguro neChikamu
Kuchera matongo kare kare ndiko kudzidza kwenguva iyo vanhu vasati vagadzira manyorerwo, kana kuti kana pasina zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa zvekuvakazve hupenyu hwekare. Nokudaro, kuchera matongo kare kare kunobva pauchapupu hwezvinhu uye mamiriro ezvinhu zvakawanikwa mumunda.
Zvichakadaro, ongororo yezvakaitika kare inoongorora nguva apo nzanga dzaitoziva kunyora uye kusiya zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa (semuenzaniso, zvinyorwa, manyoro, zvinyorwa zvekoloni, madhayari ekufamba, mamepu, uye magwaro ekutonga). ongororo yezvakaitika kare ichiri kutarisa pazvinhu nenzvimbo, asi inotsigirwa—uye inowanzoedzwa—neruzivo rwezvinyorwa.
Muchidimbu, musiyano mukuru pakati pezviviri izvi uri mukuwanikwa kwezvinyorwa: nhoroondo isati yatanga pasina kunyora, nhoroondo ine kunyora.
2. Musiyano Munguva Yekudzidza
Nguva yenguva yekuchera matongo kare inowanzova yakareba zvikuru, kunyange inosvika mamiriyoni emakore kana ichisanganisira nguva yevanhu vekutanga uye kushanduka kwetsika kwekutanga. Munharaunda yeIndonesia, kuchera matongo kare kunowanzo fukidza nguva dzePaleolithic (Old Stone Age), Mesolithic, Neolithic, uye Megalithic, uye dzimwe nguva inoenderera mberi kusvika pakutanga kweBronze Age (Metal Age) humbowo hwakanyorwa husati hwawanikwa munzvimbo.
Kusiyana neizvi, ongororo yezvakaitika kare inosanganisira nguva "diki" zvichienderana nenguva: nguva kubva apo zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa zvakatanga kuonekwa kusvika panguva iri pedyo nemazuva ano. MuIndonesia, ongororo yezvakaitika kare inogona kusanganisira umambo hwechiHindu-chiBuddha (semuenzaniso, humbowo hwekunyora), nguva yeIslam (zvinyorwa netsika dzekunyora zvakabudirira), nguva yekoloni (zvinyorwa zvakawanda), uye kunyange nguva yekutanga yemazuva ano.
Zvisinei, zvakakosha kucherechedza: muganhu uripo pakati penhoroondo isati yatanga nenhoroondo hausi nguva dzose wakafanana munzvimbo dzese. Dzimwe nzvimbo dzakadzidza kunyora kare, nepo dzimwe dzakazodzidza gare gare. Nokudaro, kupatsanurwa pakati penhoroondo isati yatanga nenhoroondo kunoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu.
3. Kusiyana kweMarudzi eManyuko eData
a. Manyuko muZvinyorwa zveMatongo zvePamberi peNhoroondo
Zvinhu zvekare zvekare zvinotsigira zvinhu zvakaita se:
- Zvishandiso zvematombo (mademo ekucheka, zvidimbu, misoro yemiseve)
- Zviumbwa zvevhu zvepakutanga, maturusi emapfupa, mabhero
- Mifananidzo yemapako, zvasara zvedzimba, nzvimbo dzemoto
- Makuva ekare uye zvinhu zvemakuva
- Zvasara zvemiti nemhuka, zvisaririra zvekudya, nenzvimbo dzekare
Nekuti pasina rugwaro, zvese zviri muchinyorwa chechinhu chakawanikwa zvinova zvakakosha: zvidimbu zvevhu, nzvimbo yezvinhu zvakagadzirwa, hukama huripo pakati pezvinhu zvakawanikwa, uye zviratidzo zvemabasa evanhu.
b. Manyuko muNhoroondo yeMatongo
Nyanzvi dzezvekuchera matongo dzekare dzinoshandisa musanganiswa we:
- Zvinhu zvekushandisa (zviumbwa zvesimbi, simbi, mari, zvishongo, zvombo)
- Zvivakwa nezvivakwa (matemberi, mamosque ekare, nhare, nzvimbo dzekugara dzevanhu vekoloni)
– Zvasara zvemagadzirirwo ekugadzira (mafekitori eshuga, migodhi, njanji)
– Magwaro akanyorwa (zvakanyorwa, zvinyorwa, zvinyorwa zvehurumende, zvinyorwa zvemamishinari/vatengesi)
- Mepu, mapikicha ekare, uye tsika dzakanyorwa dzemuromo
Nekuvapo kwemagwaro, vanochera matongo enhoroondo vanogona kuenzanisa "nyaya" dzemagwaro nezvakawanikwa mumunda, kusanganisira kuyedza rusaruro kana kusavapo kwemashoko muzvinyorwa zvakanyorwa.
4. Kusiyana kweNzira dzeKutsvagurudza uye Nzira
Munhoroondo yezvakaitika kare, nzira dzakadai sekuchera stratigraphic uye kuongorora mhando dzezvinhu zvakashandiswa ndizvo zvinonyanya kushandiswa. Kuziva zera renzvimbo kunowanzoenderana nehunyanzvi hwesainzi hwekutara nguva, semuenzaniso:
– Radiocarbon (C-14) yezvasara zvechisikigo
- Thermoluminescence yezvimwe zviumbwa zvedongo
– Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) yedhaka
- Kuongorora kwezve geology, palynological (mukume) uye zooarchaeological analysis
Kana pasina zvinyorwa, kududzirwa kwenhoroondo yekare kunoenderana nemapatani ari muzvinyorwa: kuti zvishandiso zvakagadzirwa sei, zvakashandiswa sei, uye zvakaraswa sei; kuti vanhu vakatama sei; kuti misha yakavamba sei; uye kuti shanduko dzezvakatipoteredza dzakapesvedzera sei tsika.
Munhoroondo yezvokuchera matongo, pamusoro pekuchera matongo uye kuongorora zvinhu zvechinyakare, vaongorori vakaitawo:
- Zvidzidzo zvezvakachengetwa uye zvemaumbirwo ehupenyu (kuverenga zvinyorwa zvekare)
- Kuongorora kweEpigraphic (zvakanyorwa)
- Kudzidza nezvemifananidzo yezvivakwa uye maitiro ehunyanzvi
- Kugadzira marongero enzvimbo dzemaguta, hupfumi, uye network dzekutengeserana zvichibva padata rakanyorwa uye rezvinhu.
Nzira dzekare dzekuchera matongo dzinowanzo sanganisira zvidzidzo zvekuchera matongo, nhoroondo, anthropology, uye zvidzidzo zvemanyoro.
5. Kusiyana kweMaitiro Ekududzira Zvakawanikwa
Kuchera matongo kare kare kunotsanangura zvakapfuura kuburikidza nekufungidzira: kuvaka maitiro angangodaro ehupenyu zvichibva pauchapupu hwezvinhu. Semuenzaniso, kuwanikwa kwemapfupa emhuka nezvimwe zvishandiso zvekucheka kunogona kutungamira kumhedzisiro nezvemaitiro ekuvhima nekushandisa. Mifananidzo yemapako inogona kupa zviratidzo nezvitendero, kunyangwe zvazvinoreva chaizvo zvichiwanzo kuoma kuziva.
Zvidzidzo zvenhoroondo yekuchera matongo zvine mukana wezvinyorwa zvinogona kudoma nzvimbo, nhamba, zviitiko, masisitimu emitero, uye kunyange runyorwa rwezvinhu zvinotengeswa. Asi zvinyorwa zvinewo matambudziko: zvinogona kuva zvekuparadzira mashoko, kuratidza maonero epamusoro, kana kusateerera mamwe mapoka. Nokudaro, zvidzidzo zvenhoroondo yekuchera matongo zvinowanzoita senzira yekupikisa, semuenzaniso, kuratidza hupenyu hwevanhuwo zvavo kuburikidza nezvakawanikwa mudzimba zvisina kunyorwa mumagwaro epamutemo.
Nemamwe mashoko, nhoroondo isati yavapo inotsamira zvakanyanya pa "mutauro wezvinhu," nepo nhoroondo ichibatanidza "mutauro wezvinhu" ne "mutauro wezvinyorwa."
6. Musiyano uripo pakati peMisoro neMibvunzo yeKutsvagurudza
Mibvunzo inowanzo bvunzwa munhoroondo yezvakaitika kare inosanganisira:
- Vanhu vakatanga rini kugara pasi nekurima?
- Tekinoroji yezvishandiso zvematombo yakatanga sei?
- Kutama nekupararira kwevanhu kunoitika sei?
- Vanhu vane hukama hwakadini nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze ekare?
Mibvunzo inowanzo bvunzwa munhoroondo yezvekuchera matongo inosanganisira:
- Chimiro cheguta rehumambo kana remakoloni chakaumbwa sei?
- Makambani ekugadzira zvicherwa nezvinonhuwira aishanda sei?
- Kudyidzana kwetsika pakati pevatorwa nevagari vemo kunoitika sei?
- Maitiro echitendero anoonekwa sei muzvivakwa nezvinhu zvemazuva ano?
Kunyangwe misoro yacho yakasiyana, vese vanoedza kunzwisisa mamiriro evanhu munharaunda, mune zvehupfumi uye mutsika.
7. Mienzaniso Yakareruka Yekusiyana Muzvinhu Zvekudzidza
Kuti zvive nyore, fungidzira mawebhusaiti maviri:
1. Mapako ekare ane mifananidzo yemadziro nezvishandiso zvemachira: vanoongorora matongo ekare vanoedza kupindura kuti ndiani akaagadzira, akagadzirwa riini, uye kuti basa rawo raiva rei, pasina rubatsiro rwezvinyorwa zvakanyorwa.
2. Nhare yekoloni ine zvidimbu zvemabhodhoro, mari uye zvinyorwa zvemepu: vanochera matongo venhoroondo vanogona kubatanidza zvakawanikwa nezvinyorwa zvekuvakwa kwenhare, mabasa ehondo, kutengeserana uye hupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwevagari vemo.
Zvese zvichiri zvekuchera matongo, asi nzira dzekuverenga dzakasiyana.
Mhedziso
Musiyano mukuru pakati pezvidzidzo zvenhoroondo yekare nezvidzidzo zvenhoroondo uripo pakuvapo kwezvinyorwa zvakanyorwa. Zvidzidzo zvenhoroondo yekare zvinodzidza nguva isati yanyorwa, zvichivimba chete neruzivo rwezvinhu uye kurongeka kwesainzi, nepo zvidzidzo zvenhoroondo zvichisanganisa ruzivo rwezvinhu nemagwaro akanyorwa kuti zvigadzirezve zvakapfuura nenzira yakapfuma uye inonetsa. Pasinei nenzira dzakasiyana uye mhando dzezvinyorwa zvavo, zviviri izvi zvinoenderana pakutsanangura rwendo rurefu rwevanhu kubva panguva dzekare kusvika pari zvino.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kubatsira nekuwedzera mienzaniso chaiyo kubva kuIndonesia (semuenzaniso Sangiran, Leang-Leang, Borobudur, Kota Tua, kana VOC forts) kuti chinyorwa chive chakanyatsoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu.
