Kufambidzana Kwakazara muArchaeology
Kuverenga nguva chaiyo muzvidzidzo zvematongo kuyedza kuona zera rekuwana chinhu, ivhu, kana chiitiko chekare munguva chaiyo yekarenda—semuenzaniso, "makore 2.500 apfuura" kana "anenge 500 BC–200 AD." Kusiyana nekuverenga nguva, iyo inongonyora "vakuru" uye "vadiki," kuverenga nguva chaiyo kunoedza kupa gore kana makore chaiwo. Mukuita, vanoongorora matongo havawanzo kuwana chokwadi chakazara kusvika pazuva kana gore pasina mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, asi nzira dzesainzi dzemazuva ano dzinobvumira kufungidzira zera kwakarurama nedanho rekusaziva rinoyerwa.
Sei kufambidzana kwechokwadi kuchikosha?
Pasina kunyorwa kwenguva chaiyo, nyaya dzenhoroondo yevanhu dzaizove dzakaoma kuumba zvichienderana nenguva uye kuenzanisa munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Semuenzaniso, tinogona kuona kuti tekinoroji yekurima yakatanga riini mudunhu, apo kutama kukuru kwakaitika, kana kuti nzvimbo yakasiyiwa nekuda kwenjodzi yechisikigo kana kusawirirana. Kunyorwa kwenguva chaiyo kunobatsirawo kuyedza fungidziro: shanduko mumhando dzehari dzakaitika here panguva imwe chete nekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze? Kuvakwa kwezvivakwa zve megalithic kwakaitika panguva imwe chete munzvimbo dzakasiyana, kana kuti zvakasiyana here?
Uyezve, kutara nguva kwakazara kunopa hwaro hwekubatanidza ruzivo rwezvakacherwa mumatongo nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakadai se geology, paleoclimatology, biological anthropology, uye nhoroondo yakanyorwa. Nenhamba dzakajeka dzekutara nguva, zvakawanikwa mumatongo zvinogona "kuiswa" muchikamu chenguva chepasi rose.
Nheyo huru: muenzaniso, mamiriro ezvinhu, uye kusava nechokwadi
Kubudirira kwekuverenga nguva chaiyo kunoenderana nezvinhu zvitatu: mhando yemuenzaniso, mamiriro ekare, uye kuti kusava nechokwadi kunogadziriswa sei.
1. Hunhu hwemuenzaniso: zvinhu zvinofanirwa kuyedzwa zvinofanira kunge zvichienderana nechiitiko chine zera riri kutariswa. Matanda anoshandiswa kuvaka imba, semuenzaniso, akakodzera kupfuura matanda anotakurwa nemafashamo ozoiswa panzvimbo pacho.
2. Mamiriro ezvinhu: mienzaniso inofanira kubva pachikamu chakasiyana kana chinhu (semuenzaniso, pamusoro pevhu, gomba repamusana, guva, kana chitofu) uye haifanirwe kusanganiswa nemabasa ehupenyu, kuchera kwekare, kana maitiro echisikigo.
3. Kusava nechokwadi (kukanganisa/nzvimbo): Mhedzisiro yekudanana kwemunhu wese inenge iri nguva dzose, semuenzaniso, 980–1040 AD padanho rekuvimba. Vanochera matongo vanofanira kududzira data iri nenzira ingangodaro, kwete senhamba imwe chete, "chaiyo".
Nzira huru dzekufambidzana zvachose
1. Radiocarbon (Kabhoni-14)
Nzira yeradiocarbon ndeimwe yenzira dzinozivikanwa zvikuru mukuchera matongo. Nheyo yayo inoenderana nekuora kweradioactive carbon isotope (C-14) muzvinhu zvipenyu. Kana chipenyu chichiri chipenyu, chinoramba chichichinjana kabhoni nenzvimbo yacho. Mushure mekufa, kuchinjana uku kunomira, uye C-14 inotanga kuora neimwe nzira (hafu yehupenyu hwemakore angangoita 5.730). Nekuyera C-14 yasara, masayendisiti anogona kuverenga makore ekufa kwechipenyu.
Zvinhu zvinogona kuyedzwa zvinosanganisira marasha, huni, mapfupa, mhodzi, machira efaibha yechisikigo, nezvimwe zvasara zvechisikigo. Zvisinei, radiocarbon dating haipe zvakananga "gore rekarenda" risingawanikwe; mhedzisiro yacho inofanira kugadziriswa kuburikidza nekuongororwa nekuti mazinga eC-14 anochinja-chinja nekufamba kwenguva. Kuongororwa kunoitwa uchishandisa standard curve (semuenzaniso, zvichibva pamiti).
Zvakanakira kuverengwa kweradiocarbon dating: kushanda kwakafara, nguva yakareba (kusvika kumakumi ezviuru zvemakore). Zvakashata: zvinogona kusvibiswa, zvinoda kuongororwa, uye hazvishande pazvinhu zvekare zviri kunze kwemiganhu yenzira.
2. Dendrochronology (Mhete dzeMiti)
Dendrochronology inoshandisa mapatani emiti ekukura kwegore negore. Miti inokura munzvimbo yakati inoratidza mapatani eukobvu hwemhete hunoenderana nemamiriro ekunze. Nekuenzanisa mapatani emhete emiti yekuchera matongo nematanho enzvimbo, zera remuti rinogona kuzivikanwa nekunyatsojeka kwegore negore, uye dzimwe nguva kunyange kwemwaka.
Nzira iyi ine simba guru kana paine ongororo refu uye muenzaniso wehuni une mhete dzakakwana. Dendrochronology inoitawo basa rakakosha mukuongororwa kweradiocarbon, sezvo mhete dzemiti dzichipa mazuva ekarenda anogona kuenzaniswa nemhedzisiro yeC-14.
Zvipingamupinyi: zvinoshanda chete pamatanda akachengetedzwa zvakanaka ane mhete dzakanyatsojeka; haasi matunhu ese ane database yakazara yemhete dzemiti.
3. Thermoluminescence (TL) uye Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL)
Nzira yekupenya inoshandiswa kuona kuti chicherwa chakapedzisira kupiswa kana kupiswa zvakanyanya riini.
– Thermoluminescence (TL) inowanzoshandiswa pakugadzira zviumbwa zvesimbi kana matombo anenge apiswa (semuenzaniso, panguva yekupiswa kwehari). TL inoyera simba "rakavharirwa" mumakristaro emaminerari; kana richipiswa murabhoritari, simba iri rinoburitswa sechiedza. Rinoratidza nguva kubva pakupisa kwekupedzisira.
– Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) inowanzo shandiswa pakuisa jecha kana sediment. OSL inoyera kuti zvicherwa zvakapedzisira kuvhenekerwa nezuva risati ravigwa riini.
Zvakanakira zveTL/OSL: zvinogona kushandiswa pazvinhu zvisina zvinhu zvechisikigo; zvinobatsira pakutsvaga nguva yetsvina uye pakupisa. Zvipingamupinyi: zvinoda nzira dzekutora sampuli dzakanyatsonaka kudzivirira kusvibiswa nechiedza (kunyanya OSL), uye kududzirwa kunoenderana nenhoroondo yekusvibiswa nezvakatipoteredza.
4. Potassium-Argon (K-Ar) uye Argon-Argon (Ar-Ar)
Nzira dzeK-Ar neAr-Ar dzinoshandiswa zvikuru mumamiriro ezvinhu ekare uye maererano nezvinhu zvinoputika. Potassium-40 inoora kuita argon-40. Nekuti argon igesi, inova "yakabatwa" mune zvimwe zvicherwa sezvo matombo anoputika achitonhora. Nekuyera chiyero chepotassium neargon, zera redombo rinogona kuzivikanwa.
Nzira iyi yakakosha kunzvimbo dzekare dzekare, kunyanya idzo dzine chekuita nekushanduka-shanduka kwevanhu, nekuti inogona kunzi ine madota egomo rinoputika akakomberedza zvisaririra kana zvinhu zvekare.
Zvakanakira: yakakodzera nguva yakareba (mazana ezviuru kusvika kumamiriyoni emakore). Zvakashata: hazvishande kunzvimbo dzisina nzvimbo ine makomo anoputika; zvinonyanya kukosha kune geochronology pane kune zvinhu zvemazuva ese.
5. Uranium-Series (U-Series)
Kutsvaga nguva yeUranium kunoshandisa kuora kweuranium muzvikamu zvayo zvemuviri (se thorium). Nzira iyi inogona kushandiswa kusvika pakuva ne calcite mumapako (stalagmites/stalactites), coral, uye dzimwe nguva mapfupa kana mazino pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu.
Mukuchera matongo, U-series inowanzo batsira munzvimbo dzemapako, semuenzaniso kuona zera rema calcite layers anofukidza mifananidzo yemapako kana nzvimbo dzakacherwa matongo dziri padivi.
6. Archaeomagnetism uye Paleomagnetism
Simba remagineti repasi rinochinja zvishoma nezvishoma nekufamba kwenguva. Zvinhu zvinopisa (zvakaita semaovheni, machoto, kana zvidhinha) zvinogona "kunyora" kutungamira nesimba resimba remagineti sezvazvinotonhora. Nekuenzanisa rekodhi iyi yemagineti nemakori ekuchinja kwenzvimbo, makore ekutsva anogona kufungidzirwa.
Izvi zvinonyanya kubatsira kana nzvimbo yacho iine zvivako zvemoto zvichiripo uye nzvimbo yacho iine curve yakanaka ye geomagnetic reference.
Kusanganisa nzira: chronological triangulation
Nyanzvi dzezvekuchera matongo hadziwanzo vimba nenzira imwe chete. Kuti dziwedzere kuvimbika, dzinosanganisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana, dzakadai se radiocarbon date kubva kumalahle emoto, OSL date kubva mumadhaka akafukidzwa nepasi, uye dendrochronology kubva pamatanda ekuvaka. Kana mhedzisiro yacho ichitsigirana, kuvimba mukuverenga nguva kunowedzera. Kana zvichipesana, zvinoratidza dambudziko: kusvibiswa kwesampuro, kusanganiswa kwelayer, "old wood effect," kana zviitiko zve post-depositional impairment.
Pamusoro pezvo, nzira dzekuverenga dzakadai seBayesian modeling dzinowanzo shandiswa kusanganisa data rekutara nguva neruzivo rwe stratigraphic (layer sequence). Izvi zvinoita kuti nguva ipfupiswe uye ivakwe zvine musoro mukati menyaya yekuchera.
Matambudziko akajairika mukufambidzana zvachose
Mamwe matambudziko anowanzoitika anosanganisira:
– Kusvibiswa: zvinhu zvemazuva ano zvinopinda mumienzaniso yekare (kana zvinopesana), zvichichinja mhedzisiro.
– Dambudziko rekumiririrwa: chakagara chiripo ndicho "chinhu," kwete nguva dzose "chiitiko" chatinoda kuziva. Muenzaniso wekare: huni dzakabva pamuti wekare dzinogona kupa makore ekare kupfuura pawakavakwa.
– Zvidikanwi zvezvinhu: hazvisi nzvimbo dzese dzine zvasara zvechisikigo, matanda akachengetedzwa, kana zvinhu zvinoputika.
– Mamiriro ezvinhu akakanganiswa: zviitiko zvemhuka, midzi, kuchera patsva, kana mafashamo zvinogona kutamisa zvinhu kubva panzvimbo yazvo yekutanga.
Penutup
Kuverenga nguva chaiyo ndiyo hwaro hwakakosha hwezvinocherwa mumatongo zvemazuva ano nekuti zvinobvumira kugadziriswazve kwenguva yekare uye kunoedzwa. Vachishandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana—kuverenga nguva kweradiocarbon, dendrochronology, luminescence, kuverenga K-Ar/Ar-Ar, kuverenga nguva kweU-series, uye archaeomagnetism—vaongorori vematongo vanogona kufungidzira makore ezvakawanikwa kubva kumazana kusvika kumamiriyoni emakore. Zvisinei, "kutsanangura nguva dzose" hazvirevi pasina kusava nechokwadi. Simba renzira iyi riri mukuyera kwayo kwakajeka, kunodzokororwa kwesainzi, kunogara kuchiverengwa mumamiriro e stratigraphy nezvimwe humbowo. Kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa kwenzira uye kuongororwa kwakakosha kwesamples, kurondedzera nguva chaiyo uye kuti vanhu vakaumba sei tsika, tekinoroji, uye nharaunda yatinogara nhaka nhasi.
