Zvekuchera matongo muIjipita neMapiramidhi: Nzira yekuenda kuZvakavanzika Zvekare
Pendauluan
Ijipiti, nyika ine nhoroondo yakapfuma, tsika, uye runako, yagara ichikwezva masayendisiti, vanyori venhoroondo, nevaongorori. Munyaya yekuchera matongo, Ijipiti inzvimbo ine pfuma isingaenzaniswi. Inozivikanwa senyika yevanaFarao neVamwarikadzi, Ijipiti yekare ine zvakavanzika zvakawanda zvakaratidzwa kuburikidza nezvakawanikwa zvinoshamisa zvekuchera matongo. Chimwe chezvishamiso zvikuru zvinobata nyika yese mapiramidhi. Sezvivakwa zvikuru zvisingade nguva nekunzwisisa kwevanhu, mapiramidhi eIjipita anomira seuchapupu hwekufambira mberi kunoshamisa kwezvivakwa netsika dzekare.
Kuchera Matongo muIjipita: Nzvimbo Yekutsvagisa
Kuchera matongo muIjipita kwakatanga muzana remakore rechi19, kunyange hazvo kufarira Egypt yekare kwaivepo kare kare. Chimwe chezviitiko zvakakosha munhoroondo yekuchera matongo muIjipita kwaive kuwanikwa kweRosetta Dombo naNapoleon Bonaparte muna 1799. Dombo iri rakaburitsa mifananidzo yeEgypt yaisambonzwisisika kare. Kutsanangurwa kweRosetta Dombo naJean-François Champollion muna 1822 kwakaratidza shanduko huru mukunzwisisa tsika dzekare dzeIjipita.
Kwemakore anopfuura mazana maviri, vanochera matongo vakafukunura zviuru zvezvigadzirwa nezvivakwa zvinopa ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro pehupenyu, zvitendero, uye tekinoroji yevaIjipita vekare. Tsvagiridzo yakasanganisira kucherwa kwemakuva, matemberi, nzvimbo dzekugara, uye zvivakwa zvikuru zvakaita semapiramidhi. Zvisinei, mapiramidhi anoramba ari zviratidzo zvinoshamisa zvebudiriro yekare yeIjipita uye chinangwa chekutsvaga chisingaperi.
Mapiramidhi eEgypt: Zvivako Zvinoshamisa Zvinoramba Nguva
Pamapiramidhi 138 anozivikanwa, maPiramidhi eGiza ndiwo anonyanya kuzivikanwa. Giza complex ine mapiramidhi matatu makuru: maPiramidhi eKhufu (Cheops), Khafre (Chephren), uye Menkaure (Mycerinus). Yakavakwa kunenge muna 2580–2560 BC, Piramidhi yeKhufu, inozivikanwawo seGreat Piramidhi yeGiza, ndiyo yaive chivakwa chakareba kupfuura zvese chakagadzirwa nevanhu kwemakore anoda kusvika 3.800 uye ichiri chimwe cheZvishamiso Zvinomwe zveNyika Yekare.
Kutsvagurudza Kwezvakacherwa Mumatongo uye Nzira Dzekuvaka
Mubvunzo wekuti mapiramidhi akavakwa sei uchiri nyaya inokakavadzana pakati pevaongorori. Dzimwe dzidziso dzinoti matombo makuru akatakurwa achishandisa nzira dzekusimudzira matombo nemidziyo yekucheka. Kuwanikwa kwemagwaro epapyrus paWadi el-Jarf anotsanangura nezvebasa nekutakurwa kwematombo emabwe kubva kuTura kuenda kuGiza kunopa ruzivo rwakakosha nezvemafambiro ebasa uye kurongeka kwechirongwa ichi chikuru. Tsvagiridzo iyi inoratidza mabasa anoshamisa einjiniya yezvemagariro evanhu nekutarisira mapurojekiti ayo nzanga dzekare dzaikwanisa kuita.
Kupfuura matekiniki avo ekuvaka, maPiramidhi eGiza anokurudzirawo kuda kuziva chinangwa uye zvinoreva zvivakwa zvavo. Semakuva evanafarao, maPiramidhi anoratidza zvitendero zvevaIjipita nezvehupenyu hwepashure perufu uye rwendo rwemweya kuenda kuhupenyu hwepashure perufu. Munyaya iyi, maPiramidhi aive zvivakwa zvemweya zvakagadzirirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuti mweya waFarao unoramba uripo uye chinzvimbo muhupenyu hwepashure perufu.
Hupenyu Hwakapoteredza Mapiramidhi
Kuchera matongo kuGiza kwakaratidza musha wevashandi vekuvaka mapiramidhi, zvichipa ruzivo runoshamisa nezvehupenyu hwekare hwevaIjipita uye kurongeka kwevanhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira dzimba, nzvimbo dzekuviga, uye nzvimbo yekuchengetera chikafu, zvichiratidza kuti vashandi vemapiramidhi vaibatwa zvakanaka. Kusiyana nemufananidzo webasa revaranda rinowanzo kuratidzwa mutsika dzevanhu, humbowo hwakawanda hunoratidza kuti vashandi vaibhadharwa uye vaipiwa mibairo nekuda kwebasa ravo, uye vainakidzwa nehurongwa hwakasimba hwehutano.
Mamwe mapiramidhi nekubwinya kwemadzimambo eIjipita
Kunze kwemapiramidhi eGiza, mamwe mapiramidhi akaita basa guru munhoroondo yeIjipita. Semuenzaniso, Piramidhi reDjoser kuSaqqara ndiyo piramidhi yekutanga uye inoonekwa sedanho guru mukushanduka kwekugadzirwa kwemapiramidhi. Yakavakwa nemugadziri wezvivakwa Imhotep kunenge muna 2670 BC, yakaratidza shanduko kubva kumakuva ane madziro evhu kuenda kuzvivakwa zvikuru zvakagadzirwa nematombo.
Mapiramidhi ekuDahshur, akadai seRed Piramidhi neBent Piramidhi, anopawo ruzivo mukuvandudzwa kwemainjiniya uye kugadziriswa kwezvivakwa kuti zvienderane nematambudziko ekuvaka. Piramidhi yega yega inopa ruzivo rwakakosha rwekunzwisisa kukura kwebudiriro yeEgypt uye inoratidza zvitendero zvemagariro nezvematongerwo enyika mumakore ese.
Zvakavanzika uye Zvidzidzo kubva kuPiramidhi Archaeology
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonakidza zvekuchera matongo epiramidhi ndicho chakavanzika chakawanda chichiripo. Semuenzaniso, basa remakamuri epachivande emapiramidhi nemagalari richiri nyaya yekufungidzira kwakawanda, kusanganisira dzidziso dzekushandiswa kwawo senzvimbo dzekuongorora nyeredzi kana senzvimbo dzekuchengetera pfuma dzisina kuwanikwa dzepharaonic.
Ongororo yesainzi yemazuva ano, kusanganisira kushandiswa kwetekinoroji dzakadai se radar inopinda pasi uye tomography yezvakacherwa, yakafumura zvakavanzika zvakawanda zvakavanzwa mumapiramidhi. Pasinei nekutsvagurudza kwakakura, kuwanikwa kwega kwega kunowanzo mutsa mibvunzo yakawanda kupfuura mhinduro, zvichiita kuti kudzidza mapiramidhi kuve munda unoshanda uye unogara uchichinja.
Mhedziso
Kuchera matongo muIjipita nekudzidza mapiramidhi rwendo runoshandura kunzwisisa kwedu kwekare nekubudirira kwevanhu pasinei nematambudziko anoshamisa. Kubva paRosetta Stone kusvika pamapepa epapyri akawanikwa muWadi el-Jarf, chimwe nechimwe chitsva chinovhura musuwo wekupinda munyika inoshamisa yeIjipita yekare.
Mapiramidhi, sechiratidzo chehukuru nekunamata, anoramba ari humbowo hwetsika yekare yakavaka. Kuburikidza nekudzidza nezvekuchera matongo, tinonzwisisa kwete chete hunyanzvi hwevaIjipita vekare asiwo tsika dzavo, zvavanotenda, uye kurongeka kwevanhu. Mumumvuri wemapiramidhi, kuchera matongo kunoramba kuchibatanidza dambanemazwi renhoroondo, zvichisimbisa kuti nyaya yeIjipita yekare nemapiramidhi ayo haisi kupera.
