Zvekuchera matongo nedzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka
Dzidziso yezvekuchera matongo nedzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka imatavi maviri esainzi anowanzoonekwa seakasiyana, pamwe achitove akasiyana. Zvisinei, ane hukama hwepedyo uye anobatsirana mukutibatsira kunzwisisa nhoroondo yevanhu pasi pano. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora kuti dzidziso yezvekuchera matongo nedzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka inoshanda sei pamwe chete kuti ibudise pachena mavambo evanhu nekukura kwetsika kubva munguva dzekare kusvika nhasi.
Nhanganyaya yeArchaeology
Kuchera matongo kudzidza nezvekare kwevanhu kuburikidza nekuongorora zvinhu zvakasiiwa nevanhu vekare. Zvinhu izvi zvinogona kusanganisira maturusi ematombo, zviumbwa zvedongo, zvivakwa, uye kunyange zvasara zvevanhu nemhuka. Kuburikidza nezvakawanikwa izvi, vanochera matongo vanoedza kunzwisisa kuti vanhu vaigara sei, vaishanda sei, uye vaiwirirana sei nenzvimbo yavo.
Kuchera matongo kwakatangira panguva yeRenaissance, apo vafambi nevanyori venhoroondo vakatanga kuchera matongo ekare eRoma neGiriki vachitsvaga zvinhu nezvakanyorwa. Zvisinei, zvakatozosvika muzana remakore rechi19 ndipo pakava bazi resainzi rakarongeka uye rakarongeka. Kusvika nanhasi, kuchera matongo kuri kuramba kuchikura, vachishandisa matekinoroji emazuva ano akadai se satellite imaging, LIDAR, uye DNA analysis yekare kuti vaone zvakavanzika zvenguva yakapfuura.
Dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka
Kune rumwe rutivi, dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka ipfungwa yesainzi inotsanangura kuti zvinhu zvipenyu, kusanganisira vanhu, zvinoshanduka sei kubva kune rumwe rudzi kuenda kune rumwe kuburikidza nemaitiro ekusarudzwa kwechisikigo. Charles Darwin anozivikanwa zvikuru nedzidziso yake yekushanduka-shanduka, yakabudiswa mubhuku rake rinonzi "On the Origin of Species" muna 1859. Kubva ipapo, dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka yave hwaro hwebiology yemazuva ano.
Zvichienderana nedzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka kwezvinhu, vanhu vemazuva ano (Homo sapiens) vakashanduka kubva kumadzitateguru emhuka akararama mamiriyoni emakore apfuura. Kuburikidza nezvinyorwa zvakawanikwa uye zvakaongororwa, masayendisiti anogona kuona kuti rudzi rwevanhu rwakachinja sei nekufamba kwenguva zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze uye zvinodiwa pakugadzirisa zvinhu.
Hukama Huripo Pakati Pezvinocherwa Mumatongo Nedzidziso Yekushanduka-shanduka
Kunyangwe zvingaita semakirasi akasiyana, dzidziso yekuchera matongo nedzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka zvine hukama hwakakura mukudzidza nhoroondo yevanhu. Dzidziso yekuchera matongo inopa humbowo hunooneka muchimiro chezvinhu zvakagadzirwa nematombo nezvinyorwa zvinotsigira dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka, nepo dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka ichipa hurongwa hwesainzi hwekunzwisisa zvakawanikwa mukuchera matongo.
1. Kuwanikwa kweZvisaririra uye Humbowo hweKushanduka-shanduka kweZvinhu
Muenzaniso mumwe chaiwo ndewekuwanikwa kwezvisaririra zvehominin (tateguru wevanhu) munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuchera matongo muAfrica neAsia. Zvisaririra izvi, zvinosanganisira mhando dzakadai seAustralopithecus, Homo habilis, uye Homo erectus, zvinoratidza matanho akasiyana ekushanduka kwevanhu. Kuongorora zvisaririra izvi kunobvumira masayendisiti kunzwisisa kuti mhando idzi dzakafamba sei dzakamira, dzakashandisa maturusi ari nyore, uye dzakagadzira huropi hwakakura.
2. Zvinhu Zvitsva uye Kubudirira Kwetsika
Zvinhu zvakawanikwa kuburikidza nekuchera matongo zvinopawo ruzivo pamusoro pekushanduka kwetsika dzevanhu. Zvishandiso zvematombo zviri nyore zvakawanikwa panzvimbo dzekare dzekare zvinoratidza kushandiswa kwezvishandiso neHomo habilis naHomo erectus. Nekufamba kwenguva, zvishandiso izvi zvakava zvakaoma uye zvine hunyanzvi, zvichiratidza kukura kwehunyanzvi hwemaoko nepfungwa.
Munguva yeNeolithic, makore angangoita zviuru gumi apfuura, vanhu vakatanga kurima zvirimwa nekuvaka nzvimbo dzekugara dzechigarire. Iyi yaive danho guru mukushanduka-shanduka kwetsika dzevanhu kunozivikanwa seNeolithic Revolution. Humbowo hwezvakacherwa munguva iyi hunosanganisira zvasara zvezviyo zvakarimwa, dzimba dzekare, uye zvishandiso zvekurima.
3. Majini neArchaeology
Imwe yenzira dzichangoburwa dzinoratidza hukama huripo pakati pekuchera matongo nedzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka ndeyekuongorora DNA yekare. Iyi tekinoroji inobvumira masayendisiti kubvisa DNA kubva muzvisaririra zvevanhu vekare voienzanisa neDNA yevanhu vemazuva ano. Tsvagiridzo iyi yakaratidza hukama hwemajini pakati pevanhu vemazuva ano nemaNeanderthal, pamwe nekufamba kwevanhu pasi rese.
Semuenzaniso, kuwanikwa kweDNA kubva kunzvimbo dzekuchera matongo muSiberia kunoratidza kuberekesana kwemajini pakati pevanhu vemazuva ano neDenisovans, rudzi rwevanhu vekare rwaigara muAsia. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvinopa ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro pekudyidzana pakati pemarudzi evanhu vekare uye kuti izvi zvakakanganisa sei majini evanhu nhasi.
4. Paleoanthropology: Musanganiswa weArcheology neBiology
Paleoanthropology ibazi resainzi rinoongorora kushanduka kwevanhu kuburikidza nekudzidza pamwe chete kwezvisaririra, majini, uye zvinhu zvetsika. Muenzaniso wekuti ongororo yezvakacherwa kare nedzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka zvinogona sei kubatanidzwa kuti zvipe mufananidzo wakazara wenhoroondo yevanhu.
Nekudzidza nezvezvisaririra zvedehenya, nyanzvi dzezvekare dzinogona kunzwisisa kuti chimiro chemusoro wemunhu nepfungwa zvakachinja sei nekufamba kwenguva. Panguva iyi, zvinhu zvetsika zvinopa mamiriro ekuti shanduko idzi dzakachinja sei maitiro evanhu uye kurarama kwavo. Kusanganiswa uku kwedata rezvekuchera matongo nerezvipenyu kunotibatsira kunzwisisa kuti vanhu vakashanduka sei kwete panyama chete, asiwo mupfungwa nemagariro.
Mhedziso
Dzidziso yekuchera matongo nedzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka inyaya mbiri dzesainzi dzinobatsirana mukunzwisisa nhoroondo yevanhu. Kuburikidza nekuwanikwa kwezvisaririra, zvinhu zvekare, uye ongororo yemajini, tinogona kuronda rwendo rurefu rwekushanduka-shanduka kwevanhu kubva kumadzitateguru edu emhuka kusvika kuHomo sapiens dzakaoma uye dzakakura dzatinoziva nhasi.
Kudzidza nezvekushanduka-shanduka kwevanhu hakungofadzi masayendisiti chete asiwo kune zvakunoreva zvakakosha pakunzwisisa hunhu hwedu semhando, kuti tinoshanda sei nenzvimbo yedu, uye kuti tinokura sei senzanga. Masangano maviri aya, nenzira dzawo dzakasiyana, anoramba achishandira pamwe, achifukunura zvakavanzika zvekare uye achitibatsira kuronga mikana yeramangwana.
Saka, kuchera matongo nedzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka hazvisi zvikamu zviviri zvakasiyana, asi mativi maviri emari imwe chete ayo pamwe chete anoburitsa nhoroondo yevanhu panyika ino.
