Chemistry isainzi inodzidza hunhu, kuumbwa, uye kushanduka kwezvinhu. Sesainzi huru muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, chemistry ine mitemo yakati wandei inoshanda sehwaro hukuru hwekunzwisisa zvinhu nemaitiro azvo. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora mitemo mina mikuru yekemistri: Mutemo weKuchengetedza Mass, Mutemo weDefinite Proportions, Mutemo weMultiple Proportions, uye Mutemo waGay-Lussac.
1. Mutemo weKuchengetedza Misa
Mutemo weKuchengetedza Misa, wakatangwa kekutanga naAntoine Lavoisier muna 1789, unoti huwandu hwese hwechinhu chisati chaitika uye chaitika mushure mekuita kwemakemikari hwakafanana. Nemamwe mashoko, huwandu hahugone kugadzirwa kana kuparadzwa mukuita kwemakemikari. Nheyo iyi inokosha pakuverenga stoichiometry yemaitiro emakemikari.
Muenzaniso:
Ngatitii tine maitiro ari nyore emakemikari:
\[ 2H_2 + O_2 \museve wekurudyi 2H_2O \]
Kana tikatanga nemagiramu mana ehydrogen (H₂) uye magiramu makumi matatu nemaviri eokisijeni (O₂), huwandu hwese hwezvinhu zvisati zvaitika hunosvika magiramu makumi matatu nematanhatu. Mushure mekuita, tichava nemagiramu makumi matatu nematanhatu emvura (H₂O), zvichiratidza kuti huwandu hwese hunoramba hwakafanana.
Mutemo uyu unotidzidzisa kuti mune yega yega chemical reaction, huwandu hwe reactants nezvigadzirwa zvinofanirwa kuenzana. Saka, pakugadzira chemical equation, tinofanira kuve nechokwadi chekuti chemical equation yakaenzana.
2. Mutemo weZvikamu Zvisingaperi
Mutemo weDefinite Proportions, kana kuti Mutemo waProust, wakatumidzwa zita remunhu akauwana, Joseph Proust, uyo akaupa muna 1797. Unotaura kuti kemikari inogara ichiumbwa nezvinhu zvakafanana muhuwandu hwakatarwa hwehuwandu. Izvi zvinoreva kuti chero muenzaniso wemvura (H₂O), semuenzaniso, inogara iine hydrogen neokisijeni muhuwandu hwakafanana hwehuwandu, inenge 1:8.
Muenzaniso:
Kana tikatora mvura kubva chero kupi, tichaona kuti chiyero chehydrogen neokisijeni chinogara chiri 1:8. Izvi zvinoshanda kumvura inobva mugungwa, mumakungwa, kana mumvura inonaya.
Mutemo uyu wakakosha nekuti unotibatsira kunzwisisa kuti makemikari ane musanganiswa wakatarwa, zvisinei nekuti abva kupi kana kuti akagadzirwa sei. Unoumbawo hwaro hwekusarudza mafomura emakemikari emakemikari akasiyana-siyana.
3. Mutemo weZvikamu Zvakawanda
Mutemo weMultiple Proportions, wakawanikwa naJohn Dalton pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, unoti kana zvinhu zviviri zvichigona kuumba compound inopfuura imwe chete, saka huwandu hwechinhu chimwe chete pamwe chete nehuremu hwakapihwa hwechimwe chinhu huchava muhuwandu hwenhamba dzese dziri nyore.
Muenzaniso:
Funga nezve kabhoni neokisijeni, izvo zvinogona kuumba makemikari maviri akasiyana: kabhoni monoxide (CO) uye kabhoni dhayokisaidhi (CO₂). Mu kabhoni monoxide, chiyero chekabhoni neokisijeni nehuremu chinenge 3:4, nepo mu kabhoni dhayokisaidhi, chiyero chekabhoni neokisijeni nehuremu chinenge 3:8. Chiyero ichi chinoratidza kuti mu CO₂ neCO₂, huwandu hweokisijeni hwakasanganiswa nehuremu hwakapihwa hwekabhoni huri muchiyero che4:8, kana 1:2.
Mutemo uyu unopa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pekuti maatomu anobatana sei muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana kuti aumbe makemikari akasiyana-siyana, uye unotsigira dzidziso yaDalton yeatomu yekuti zvinhu zvinoumbwa nemaatomu asingapatsanurwi.
4. Mutemo weGay-Lussac
Mutemo waGay-Lussac, wakakurudzirwa naJoseph Louis Gay-Lussac muna 1808, unoti mukuita kwemakemikari, huwandu hwemagasi anopindura pamwe chete neaya ezvigadzirwa zvavo, kana zvikayerwa patembiricha imwechete uye kumanikidzwa, zviri muhuwandu hwenhamba dzakapfava. Mutemo uyu unowanzoonekwa sekuwedzera kwemutemo wehuwandu hwakakwana hwekuita kwegasi.
Muenzaniso:
Kana tiine maitiro pakati pehydrogen neokisijeni pakuumba mvura, zvakaita se:
\[ 2H_2 (g) + O_2 (g) \museve wekurudyi 2H_2O (g) \]
Saka mavhoriyamu maviri egasi rehydrogen anoita zvinoenderana nevhoriyamu imwe chete yegasi reokisijeni kuti abudise mavhoriyamu maviri egasi remvura (steam). Izvi zvinoratidza kuti chiyero chemavhoriyamu emagasi anopindura inhamba yakazara (2:1:2).
Mutemo uyu unokosha zvikuru mumakemikari egasi uye unobatsira kutsanangura kuti magasi anobata sei mukuita kwemakemikari. Unobatsirawo pakuona huwandu hwemolar hwegasi uye pfungwa yemole mumakemikari.
Mhedziso
Mitemo mina iyi mikuru yekemikari—Mutemo weKuchengetedza Mass, Mutemo weDefinite Proportions, Mutemo weMultiple Proportions, uye Mutemo waGay-Lussac—ndiwo musimboti mukuru mukunzwisisa kwedu maitiro emakemikari uye kuumbwa kwezvinhu. Haisi kungopa hurongwa hwekufanotaura mhedzisiro yemaitiro emakemikari chete asiwo inobatsira mukuverenga kwakarurama kwehuwandu murabhoritari yekemikari.
Nekunzwisisa nekushandisa mitemo iyi, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani nyika yakatipoteredza, kubva kumaindasitiri makuru kusvika kuzviitiko zvemazuva ese zvechisikigo. Ndiwo hwaro hwezvakawanikwa zvakawanda uye zvitsva mukemikari, izvo zvinoramba zvichipfuura miganhu yeruzivo rwevanhu.
