Nhoroondo yeKubudirira kweAnthropology seSainzi
Anthropology, inobva pamashoko echiGiriki ekuti "anthrōpos" zvichireva munhu, uye "logos" zvichireva sainzi kana kudzidza, zvinoreva sainzi kana kudzidza kwevanhu. Inzvimbo yesainzi inodzidza vanhu kubva pamaonero akasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira tsika dzavo, magariro evanhu, uye zvipenyu. Anthropology senzira yave nekukura kwenguva refu uye kwakasimba kubva pakutanga kwayo kusvika pari zvino. Inotevera inhoroondo yekukura kweanthropology sesainzi.
Nguva yePre-Anthropological
Dzidzo yevanhu isati yazivikanwa sedzidzo, pfungwa pamusoro pevanhu netsika dzaivapo mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana. Nhoroondo dzekare dzinoratidza kuda kuziva nezvekusiyana kwevanhu dzinogona kuwanikwa muzvinyorwa zvevazivi vekare vakaita saHerodotus naAristotle. Herodotus, anowanzonzi "Baba veNhoroondo," mu "Nhoroondo" yake, akaunganidza nyaya nedata nezvenharaunda dzakasiyana-siyana dzine tsika netsika dzakasiyana nedzeGreece. Aristotle, kune rumwe rutivi, akagadzira pfungwa pamusoro pekusiyana pakati pevanhu zvichibva pakucherechedza kwake maitiro netsika.
Kunyangwe munguva iyi pakanga pasina nzira yesainzi yakarongeka sezvatinoiziva nhasi, zvinyorwa izvi zvinoratidza kufarira kwekutanga kwekunzwisisa kusiyana kwevanhu uye hwaro hwehukama hwavo munharaunda.
Makore Epakati Kusvika Pakutendeuka
Munguva yeMiddle Ages, kufarira kudzidza nezvetsika dzekune dzimwe nyika kwakadzikira muEurope nekuda kwekutonga kwechitendero nedzidziso dzechechi. Zvisinei, kuburikidza nekufamba nezviitiko zvevaongorori vakaita saMarco Polo, uye kupararira kwechiKristu pasi rose, ruzivo nezvetsika dzekune dzimwe nyika rwakatanga kuunganidzwa zvakare.
Munguva yeRenaissance, nguva yaiwanzoonekwa sekuvandudzwa kwepfungwa netsika, kuwanikwa kwenyika itsva nevaongorori vakaita saChristopher Columbus kwakakurudzira kuda kuziva nezvevanhu netsika dzisiri dzemuEurope. Zvinyorwa zvekufamba kwevaongorori ava zvakapa hwaro hwekuongorora tsika nemagariro evanhu.
Mazuva Ekutanga Emazuva Ano: Zana remakore rechi19
Anthropology yakatora chimiro chakajeka sechidzidzo muzana remakore rechi19 nekuvandudzwa kwepfungwa pamusoro pekushanduka-shanduka nedzimwe dzidziso dzesainzi. Basa raCharles Darwin ra1859, "On the Origin of Species," raive simba guru. Vaongorori vekare veanthropology vakashandisa pfungwa iyi yekushanduka-shanduka kwezvinhu zvipenyu mukukura kwetsika nemagariro evanhu.
Edward Burnett Tylor naLewis Henry Morgan vaiva vanhu vaviri vakuru vakabuda mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19. Tylor, anozivikanwa zvikuru nebhuku rake rinonzi "Primitive Culture" (1871), akatanga pfungwa ye "tsika" seruzivo rwakaoma, zvitendero, hunyanzvi, tsika, mutemo, tsika, uye chero humwe hunhu netsika zvinowanikwa nevanhu sevanhu munharaunda. Panguva iyi, Morgan, mu "Ancient Society" (1877), akapa dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka kwevanhu yaitsanangura kukura kwenharaunda kubva pakuva nechisimba kusvika pakuva netsika.
Zana remakore rechi20: Kusiyanisa uye Maitiro Matsva
Muzana remakore rechi20, dzidziso yevanhu yakapararira muUnited States neEurope. MuUnited States, Franz Boas akava munhu akakosha mukusimbisa hwaro hwenzira dzemazuva ano mudzidzo yevanhu. Boas akapikisa dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka kwetsika uye akatanga nzira yenhoroondo yaisimbisa kukosha kwekuunganidza data remumunda usati waita zvirevo zvakawanda. Akasimudzirawo pfungwa ye "tsika dzinoenderana netsika," iyo yakasimbisa kuti tsika yega yega inofanira kunzwisiswa mumamiriro ayo.
Dzimwe nyanzvi dzezvevanhu, dzakadai saMargaret Mead naBronislaw Malinowski, dzakatanga nzira yekushanda mumunda ine hunyanzvi hwechisikigo uye yekubatanidzwa inozivikanwa se "kutarisa kwekubatanidzwa." Mead, nekutsvaga kwake muSamoa, naMalinowski, nezvidzidzo zvake muTrobriand Islands, vakachinja nzira iyo nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzaitaurirana nayo nenharaunda dzavaidzidza. Vakaratidza kuti kunzwisisa kwakadzama mararamiro eboka kwaigona kuwanikwa chete nekugara navo kwenguva yakareba.
Munguva imwe cheteyo, murume wekuFrance Claude Lévi-Strauss akatanga nzira yekuvaka tsika dzevanhu, iyo yaiona tsika senzira inoongororwa yakafanana nemutauro. Aitenda kuti mafungiro evanhu akafanana mutsika dzakasiyana, uye kuti maumbirwo epfungwa dzevanhu airatidzwa muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvetsika, kusanganisira ngano, tsika, uye kurongeka kwevanhu.
Mushure meHondo Yenyika II: Kufambira Mberi Kwemazuva Ano
Mushure meHondo Yenyika II, kudzidza nezvevanhu kwakakura munzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Chimwe chinhu chakakosha chakaitika kwaiva kutarisa matambudziko emazuva ano nenyaya dzezvemagariro evanhu dzakadai sehupfumi, zvematongerwo enyika, uye shanduko yezvakatipoteredza. Nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzakadai saClifford Geertz dzakakurudzira nzira yekutsanangura zviri nani, vachiedza kunzwisisa zvinoreva tsika kubva pamaonero enzanga yaidzidzwa. Geertz anozivikanwa nedzidziso yake ye "tsananguro yakakora," iyo ine chinangwa chekunyora zviito zvemagariro evanhu nekutsanangura kwakazara mamiriro etsika ari shure kwavo.
Sociobiology ne bioculturalism zviri kubudawo senzira itsva, zvichiunza pfungwa yekuti maitiro evanhu anogona kutsanangurwa nekudyidzana kwezvinhu zvehupenyu netsika. Kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji kuri kukanganisawo nzira dzekutsvagisa dzeanthropological, nekushandisa digital ethnography ne data analysis uye kure sensing yezvidzidzo zvekuchera matongo.
Kudzidza nezvevanhu mushure mehukoloni kwave chinhu chakakoshawo, nekutsoropodzwa kwerusaruro rwekuMadokero mukudzidza tsika dzisiri dzekuMadokero kwakatanga kubuda. Vanyori nenyanzvi dzezvevanhu vakaita saEdward Said, ane bhuku rinonzi "Orientalism," rinoongorora kuti maonero ehukoloni akakanganisa sei mifananidziro yetsika dzekuMadokero dzevaongorori vekuMadokero.
Mhedziso
Anthropology sesainzi yave nekukura kunoshamisa kubva munguva yekare yezvinyorwa kusvika munguva yemazuva ano. Kukura uku kunoratidza shanduko mukunzwisisa kwevanhu ivo pachavo nemagariro avo. Nzira nedzidziso dzakashandiswa muanthropology dzakashanduka kubva pakuongorora kwekutanga kwekufungidzira kuenda kune nzira yesainzi yakarongeka uye yakasiyana-siyana.
Sezvo nyika ichiramba ichichinja uye tsika dzevanhu dzichiwedzera kuoma, dzidzo yevanhu inoramba iine basa uye ichichinja-chinja, ichipa ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro pezvinoreva kuva munhu mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana. Chidzidzo ichi hachingotibatsiri kunzwisisa zvakapfuura chete asiwo chinopa maturusi ekugadzirisa matambudziko emagariro evanhu emazuva ano nekuvaka ramangwana riri nani.
