Dzinza uye Zvidzidzo zveNyika muAnthropology
Anthropology, sechidzidzo chinodzidza vanhu mumativi avo ese, chinoita basa rakakosha mukunzwisisa pfungwa dzerudzi uye hunhu hwenyika. Rudzi runowanzotsanangurwa sehunhu hwemagariro evanhu netsika dzeboka rakati, nepo hunhu hwenyika huchireva pfungwa yerudzi uye pfungwa yekuva werudzi. Kudzidza pfungwa idzi mbiri hakugone kuparadzaniswa nekuti dzakabatana uye dzinoita basa rakakosha mukuumba magariro evanhu munharaunda.
Kunzwisisa Rudzi
Rudzi rwevanhu ipfungwa inosanganisira zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinosanganisira tsika, mutauro, chitendero, tsika, uye nhoroondo yakafanana. Rudzi rwevanhu runopa nzira yekuti vanhu nemapoka vazvizive uye vanzwisise nzvimbo yavo mukati mehurongwa hwemagariro evanhu. Rudzi rwevanhu harusi rwehunhu hwemuviri chete asi kuti ndirwo rwunoumbwa kuburikidza nezviitiko zvemagariro evanhu netsika.
Munyaya yeanthropology, rudzi runonzwisiswa sechimiro chemagariro evanhu chisingachinji asi chinoshanduka-shanduka. Kuzivikanwa kwerudzi kunogona kuchinja nekufamba kwenguva zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu aripo munharaunda, mune zvematongerwo enyika, uye mune zvehupfumi. Kuziva dzinza kunogona kuoneka zvakanyanya, kunyanya mumamiriro emakwikwi ezviwanikwa kana kusaenzana munharaunda.
Rudzi uye Kuvaka Munharaunda
Nzira yekuvaka inosimbisa kuti kuzivikanwa kwerudzi kunokonzerwa nekudyidzana kwevanhu. Semuenzaniso, Pierre Bourdieu akasimbisa pfungwa ye "habitus," iyo inoreva maumbirwo emagariro evanhu anoumba maitiro evanhu, maonero avo, uye zviito zvavo. Kuzivikanwa kwerudzi hakugone kuparadzaniswa ne "habitus," iyo inosanganisira zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvemagariro evanhu netsika.
Frederik Barth, nyanzvi yezvevanhu ine mukurumbira, aivewo neruzivo rwakakosha nezvemadzinza. Mubhuku rake rakakosha rinonzi “Ethnic Groups and Boundaries” (1969), Barth akasimbisa kuti miganhu yemadzinza inonyanya kukosha kupfuura zviri mutsika pachayo. Barth akaona kuti kuzivikanwa kwemadzinza kunoumbwa kuburikidza nekudyidzana kwevanhu uye kutaurirana kwemiganhu nemamwe mapoka.
Kunzwisisa Kuzivikanwa Kwenyika
Kuzivikanwa kwenyika zvinoreva pfungwa yekubatana kwekuva werudzi kana nyika. Pfungwa iyi inosanganisira zviratidzo zvakaita senziyo dzenyika, mireza, uye ndangariro dzenhoroondo dzakafanana. Kuzivikanwa kwenyika kunowanzo kurudzirwa nenyika kuburikidza nedzidzo nevezvenhau kukurudzira kubatana nekubatana pakati pevagari vadzo.
Kubva pamaonero evanhu, Benedict Anderson, mubhuku rake rinonzi “Imagined Communities” (1983), anotaura kuti rudzi inharaunda “inofungirwa”. Anotsanangura kuti kuzivikanwa kwerudzi kunoumbwa kuburikidza nekuvaka magariro evanhu, uko vanhu vasingazivani vanogona kunzwa vakabatana nekuti vanozvifungidzira sechikamu chenharaunda imwe chete yakakura.
Kudyidzana Pakati Pemadzinza Nekuzivikanwa Kwenyika
Kudyidzana pakati perudzi nerudzi kunogona kuoma zvikuru. Munyika dzakawanda, rudzi rwevanhu rwakavakirwa pakusiyana kwerudzi kuripo. Zvisinei, mukuita uku, kusawirirana kunogona kuitika kana rudzi rwevanhu rwuchionekwa serwakanyanya kana kupfuura rudzi rwevanhu ruripo. Semuenzaniso, munyika dzine marudzi akasiyana-siyana seIndonesia, India, kana United States, nyaya dzekubatana uye kubatana kwevanhu dzinowanzo buda sematambudziko.
Semuenzaniso, muIndonesia, pfungwa yeBhineka Tunggal Ika, zvinoreva kuti "zvakasiyana asi zvichiri chimwe chete," inoshanda sehwaro hwekuzivikanwa kwenyika kunotarisirwa kubatanidza mapoka akasiyana-siyana emadzinza. Zvisinei, chokwadi chiripo chinoratidza kuti kusawirirana kwemadzinza kuchiri kuitika kakawanda, zvichiratidza kuti maitiro ekuumba kuzivikanwa kwenyika haasi nyore uye anoda kushanda nesimba kubva kumapato ese.
Chidzidzo Chenyaya: Indonesia
Indonesia inopa chidzidzo chinonakidza chekuti rudzi nerudzi zvinobatana uye zvinochinja sei. Nyika iyi yakavakirwa pahwaro hwekusiyana-siyana, ine mapoka emadzinza anopfuura mazana matatu ane mitauro, tsika, netsika dzakasiyana. Kubva pakawana kuzvitonga, hurumende yeIndonesia yave ichiedza kusimudzira kuzivikanwa kwenyika kuburikidza nemitemo yakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira dzidzo yenyika, midhiya, uye budiriro yehupfumi.
Zvisinei, kusawirirana pakati pekuzivikanwa kwenyika nerudzi kunowanzo vapo, kunyanya kana paine kusawirirana mune zvehupfumi nemagariro pakati pemapoka emadzinza. Kusawirirana muMaluku, Poso, nePapua mienzaniso yekuti kusawirirana uku kunogona sei kukonzera mhirizhonga. Kune rumwe rutivi, kubatana nekubatana kunogonawo kuitika, sezvinoonekwa munzvimbo dzemaguta dzakadai seJakarta, uko mapoka emadzinza akasiyana-siyana anogara pamwe chete uye achitaurirana zuva nezuva.
Dzidziso muChidzidzo cheMadzinza uye Kuzivikanwa kweNyika
Kuvaka mumagariro evanhu ndeimwe yedzidziso huru mukudzidza nezverudzi uye hunhu hwenyika. Dzidziso iyi inotaura kuti hunhu hwemadzinza nerudzi hunokonzerwa nemaitiro evanhu, kwete chimwe chinhu chechisikigo kana chakapihwa. Uyezve, dzidziso yekudyidzana kwezviratidzo inopawo mupiro wakakosha nekusimbisa kuti hunhu hunoumbwa sei kuburikidza nekudyidzana kwevanhu uye zviratidzo zvinoshandiswa mukutaurirana kwezuva nezuva.
Dzidziso yezvematongerwo enyika inobatsirawo pakunzwisisa mashandiro erudzi uye hunhu hwenyika. Semuenzaniso, dzidziso ye primordialism inoti hunhu hwemadzinza ndehwechisikigo uye hwakaberekwa nahwo, nepo dzidziso yekushandiswa kwezvishandiso ichiti hunhu hwemadzinza hunogona kushandiswa nevanhu vane hunyanzvi nekuda kwezvinangwa zvezvematongerwo enyika.
Mhedziso
Muzvidzidzo zvevanhu, dzinza nehunhu hwerudzi hazvisi pfungwa dzakasiyana asi zvinodyidzana uye zvinopesvedzerana. Hunhu hwerudzi hunopa hwaro hwevanhu nemapoka kuti vazvizivise, ukuwo hunhu hwerudzi huchiedza kugamuchira hunhu hwakasiyana uhwu mukati mehurongwa hwakakura.
Kunzwisisa kwakakwana kudyidzana kuripo pakati perudzi nerudzi kwakakosha pakugadzira hukama hwemagariro evanhu nekubatana munharaunda dzakasiyana-siyana. Anthropology inopa maturusi ekuongorora kuti vanhu vanzwisise kuti vanhu vanoumbwa sei, vanoiswa mukati, uye vanoonekwa sei, uye kuti kusawirirana nekusawirirana kunogona kugadziriswa sei. Kudzidza nezverudzi nerudzi muanthropology hakungogumiri pakunzwisisa dzidziso chete asiwo kupa mipiro inoshanda muhurongwa hwemagariro evanhu nekuvaka nyika.
