Hukama huripo pakati peAnthropology neTsvakurudzo yetsika
Anthropology isainzi inodzidza vanhu zvizere—kubva pamaonero etsika, magariro evanhu, zvipenyu, uye nhoroondo. Nekuti chinangwa chayo chekudzidza vanhu nenharaunda dzavo, anthropology haigone kuparadzaniswa nemibvunzo yetsika: kuti vaongorori vanobatana sei nevatori vechikamu, kuti data rinounganidzwa sei, kuti ndiani anobatsirwa, ndiani ari panjodzi yekukuvadzwa, uye kuti mhinduro dzekutsvaga dzinoburitswa sei. Apa ndipo panoshanda tsika dzekutsvaga. Tsika dzekutsvaga ihurongwa hwetsika nenhungamiro dzehunyanzvi dzinotonga zviito zvevaongorori kuitira kuti kutsvagisa kuitwe zvine mutoro, kuremekedze chiremerera chemunhu, uye kusakonzera migumisiro yakaipa isina kufanira. Hukama huripo pakati peanthropology netsika dzekutsvaga hwakafanana zvikuru nekuti nzira dzakasiyana dzeanthropology—dzakadai se ethnography nekutarisa kwevatori vechikamu—dzinounza vaongorori zvakananga muhupenyu hwenharaunda dzavanodzidza.
Anthropology sechidzidzo chiri "pedyo" nevanhu
Kusiyana nekutsvagurudza kunoitwa mumarabhoritari kana kushandisa data rechipiri, kutsvagurudza kwevanhu kunowanzoda hukama hwakasimba pakati pevatsvagurudzi nenharaunda. Mubasa remumunda, nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinogona kupedza mwedzi kana makore nenharaunda, dzichitora chikamu muzviitiko zvezuva nezuva, dzichicherechedza mafambiro evanhu, uye dzichivaka hukama hwevanhu. Kushamwaridzana uku kunopa ruzivo rwakakura, asi kunounzawo matambudziko etsika. Semuenzaniso, vatsvagurudzi vanogona kunyora hurukuro dzisina kurongeka riini? Munhu wese anonzwisisa here kuti kutaurirana kwavo chikamu chekutsvaga? Vatsvagurudzi vanogona sei kuva nechokwadi chekuti kuvapo kwavo hakuchinji maitiro enharaunda kana kukonzera kusawirirana mukati?
Saka, tsika dzekutsvaga ruzivo mu anthropology haisi kungori nzira yekutonga chete, asi ndiyo hwaro hunoratidza kuti nzira yekutsvagisa ndeyechokwadi here. Pasina tsika, kutsvagisa kunogona kuva nzira yekushandiswa zvisina kunaka: kutora data nenyaya dzehupenyu kubva kune vamwe pasina mvumo yakakodzera kana kufunga nezvemigumisiro yemagariro evanhu.
Nheyo dzetsika dzekutsvagisa muanthropology
Mukuita, tsika dzekutsvaga dzinowanikwa mumisimboti yakawanda iyo inoshandiswawo zvakanyanya mukutsvagisa kwevanhu: kuremekedza kuzvitonga, kusakuvadza, kubatsira, uye kururamisira. Munyaya yeanthropology, misimboti iyi ine dudziro yakasiyana.
Chekutanga, kuremekedza kuzvitonga kwakabatana nekubvuma kwakagadzirwa neruzivo. Vaongorori vanofanirwa kutsanangura zvinangwa zvekutsvagisa, nzira, njodzi, mabhenefiti, uye kuti data richashandiswa sei. Dambudziko nderekuti mune dzimwe nharaunda, pfungwa ye "kubvumirana" haisi yega nguva dzose. Dzimwe nharaunda dzinokoshesa kubvumirana kwevanhu vose kuburikidza nevatungamiriri vetsika, vatungamiriri vezvitendero, kana maumbirwo ehutungamiriri hwemunharaunda. Pano, anthropology inodzidzisa kunzwisisa tsika: vaongorori vanofanirwa kugadzirisa nzira yekuwana mvumo pasina kutyora kodzero dzemunhu wega wega dzenhengo dzenharaunda.
Chechipiri, kusaita zvakaipa zvinoreva kuti vaongorori vanofanira kuderedza kukuvara kunogona kuitika—kungave kwemuviri, kwepfungwa, magariro evanhu, kana hupfumi. Mukudzidza nezvevanhu, kukuvara kwevanhu kunowanzoonekwa zvakanyanya. Semuenzaniso, kufumura kusawirirana kwemukati, hunhu hwezvematongerwo enyika, kana tsika dzakashorwa zvinogona kukonzera rusarura nekukanganisa mamwe mapoka. Kunyangwe mabhuku esainzi anogona kuva nemigumisiro, kunyanya kana nharaunda iri kudzidzwa ichizivikanwa zviri nyore.
Chechitatu, kuita zvakanaka zvinoreva kuti tsvakiridzo inofanira kupa mabhenefiti, kwete chete kumuongorori. Mabhenefiti haafanire kunge ari echokwadi nguva dzose, asi anogona kusanganisira magwaro eruzivo rwemuno, mazano emitemo anobatsira nharaunda, kana kuvaka kugona kuburikidza nekudzidziswa. Zvisinei, musimboti uyu unodawo kungwarira kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti maonero emuongorori e "mabhenefiti" haave chikonzero chekusundidzira chirongwa chakati.
Chechina, kururamisira kunosimbisa kuti mitoro nemabhenefiti ekutsvagisa zvinofanira kugoverwa zvakaenzana. Mukudzidza nezvevanhu, nyaya yekururamisira inomuka apo vaongorori vanobva kumasangano ane simba vanodzidza nezvenharaunda dzisina kusimba, uye ruzivo rwunobva rwavapo runounza mabhenefiti edzidzo, emari, kana mukurumbira asingadzokeri munharaunda. Hunhu hunoda kudzoserwa uye kuzivikanwa kwakakodzera.
Nzira dzetsika nemagariro evanhu nematambudziko etsika
Kunyora nezvemadzinza evanhu chiratidzo cheanthropology: nzira yekunzwisisa tsika kubva pamaonero emunhu kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa zvakananga. Nzira iyi inosanganisira kutarisa kwevatori vechikamu, kubvunzurudza kwakadzama, uye kunyora zvakaitika zuva nezuva. Imhaka yekuti kunyorwa kwemadzinza evanhu kunopinda munharaunda yega yega yehupenyu hwevanhu ndiko kunoita kuti tsika dzive dzakaoma.
Dambudziko rimwe chete rinowanzo itika rinosanganisira muganhu uripo pakati pebasa remuongorori nehukama hwevanhu. Mubasa iri, vaongorori vanogona kuva shamwari, "mhuri dzinogamuchira," kana kuti vanhu vanovimba nevanovapa ruzivo. Hukama uhwu hunogona kuvandudza kunaka kwedata, asi hunogonawo kukonzera kusawirirana kwesimba: vanopa ruzivo vanogona kunzwa vachisungirwa kubatsira muongorori, kana kuti muongorori anogona kushandisa hukama hwavo hwepedyo kuti awane ruzivo rwakakosha.
Chimwe chinetso chine chekuita nekuchengetedzwa kweruzivo uye kusazivikanwa. Nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinowanzo dzidza nezvenharaunda diki, saka kunyangwe mazita akavanzwa, ruzivo rwenyaya, nzvimbo, kana zviitiko zvinogona kuratidza hunhu hwevatori vechikamu. Naizvozvo, tsika dzakanaka dzinoda zvinopfuura kungochinja mazita chete; nzira dzakadai sekuvhara mamwe mashoko, kubatanidza vatambi (vakaumbwa), kana kukurukura nevatori vechikamu nezvehuwandu hwakachengeteka hwekuburitsa pachena hunodiwa.
Kunewo matambudziko ekucherechedza munzvimbo dzeveruzhinji. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, vaongorori vanogona kufunga kuti zviitiko munzvimbo dzeveruzhinji zvinogona kucherechedzwa pasina mvumo chaiyo. Zvisinei, nzira yetsika inonzwisisika inobvunza kuti: vatori vechikamu vane tarisiro yakakodzera yekuvanzika here? Pane njodzi yekuti maitiro avo anyorwe here? Anthropology inokurudzira kufungisisa nezvemamiriro ezvinhu, kwete kungotevera mitemo yakajairwa.
Hunhu, simba, uye nhoroondo yeanthropology
Hukama huripo pakati peanthropology netsika dzekutsvagisa hahuparadzaniswiwo nenhoroondo yedzidzo iyi. Anthropology yakatsoropodzwa nekuda kwehukama hwayo nehukoloni, uko kutsvagisa pamusoro penzanga dzakatorwa kwaishandiswa pakutonga nekutonga. Kutsoropodza uku kunosimbisa kuziva kuti ruzivo harumboregi; kutsvagisa kunogara kuri mumambure esimba. Naizvozvo, anthropology yemazuva ano inosimbisa tsika senzira yekuparadza hukama hwesimba uye kudzivirira kudzokorora kwetsika dzekushandisa zvisina kunaka.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu emazuva ano, nyaya dzesimba dzinomuka pakuti ndiani anotsanangura dambudziko rekutsvagisa, ndiani ane data, uye ndiani anosarudza nyaya yekupedzisira. Tsika dzekutsvagisa dzinokurudzira mamodheru ekutora chikamu zvakanyanya—semuenzaniso, kubatanidza nharaunda mukugadzira mibvunzo yekutsvagisa, kusimbisa zvakawanikwa pamwe chete, kana kupa mukana wekutaura kwevanhu vemunharaunda muzvinyorwa.
Tsika dzekuburitsa mabhuku uye kuva neruzivo
Tsika dzekutsvaga hadziperi kana basa remumunda rapera. Matanho ekuongorora nekuburitsa mabhuku anewo mhedzisiro yetsika. Chekutanga, vaongorori vanofanirwa kufunga nezvemhedzisiro yekuburitsa mabhuku: kunyora kunogona kukonzera rusarura, kusawirirana, kana kupindira kunokuvadza nharaunda here? Chechipiri, pane nyaya yekuva nedata: marekodhi ekubvunzurudzwa, mapikicha, uye zvinyorwa zvemumunda zvinofanira kuchengetwa nekusingaperi here? Ndiani anofanira kuzviwana? Munguva yedhijitari, kuchengetwa kwegore, kuchengetwa kwemabhuku pachena, uye kushandiswa kwedata pakutsvagurudza kwakawanda zvinoda mvumo yakajeka.
Uyezve, nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzinowanzo sangana nemubvunzo wekuti: vatori vechikamu vane kodzero here yekuverenga zvinyorwa zvebasa ravo kana kukumbira kuti zvimwe zvikamu zvibviswe? Tsika iri kukura yetsika ndeye "kutarisa nhengo," kana kuti mhinduro dzevatori vechikamu, kunyange izvi zvichiri kuda kuenzaniswa nekuvimbika kwesainzi uye kuchengetedzwa kwevamwe vanopa ruzivo.
Tsika dzekutsvaga munguva yedhijitari uye yemagariro evanhu
Kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji kwawedzera nzvimbo yezvidzidzo zvevanhu munzvimbo dzedhijitari: maforamu epamhepo, nzvimbo dzemitambo, mapuratifomu enhau dzemagariro evanhu, uye mapoka ekukurukurirana. Pano, miganhu pakati peveruzhinji nevepachivande iri kuramba ichidzikira. Data rinogona kuwanikwa "pachena," asi vashandisi havawanzo tarisira kuti zvinyorwa zvavo zvichaongororwa kuti zviongororwe. Tsika dzekutsvagisa dzinoda kuti vaongorori vaongorore zvinotarisirwa pakuchengetedza zvakavanzika, vatsvage mvumo kana zvichidikanwa, uye vadzivirire hunhu hwedhijitari hunogona kuteverwa zviri nyore.
Uyezve, tsvakiridzo yedhijitari inowedzera njodzi yekududzira zvisina kunaka, kutaura zvisirizvo, uye kududzira kusingaenderane nemamiriro ezvinhu. Anthropology, nenzira yayo yakazara, inogona kubatsira vaongorori kunzwisisa zvinoreva tsika dzemaitiro epamhepo, nepo tsika dzichivimbisa kuti kunzwisisa kwakadaro hakukuvadzi vanhu kana mapoka.
Penutup
Hukama huripo pakati peanthropology netsika dzekutsvagisa hwakakosha uye hunosimbisana. Anthropology, nekutarisa kwayo pahupenyu hwevanhu netsika, inoda mwero wepamusoro wehunhu, sezvo vaongorori vasingangooni chete asiwo vachivaka hukama, vachipinda munzvimbo dzekugara dzevamwe, uye vachigadzira nyaya pamusoro pavo. Panguva iyi, tsika dzekutsvagisa dzinopa nzira yekuunganidza data, kuongorora, uye kuburitsa zvinoremekedza chiremerera chevanhu, kuderedza njodzi, uye kukoshesa kururamisira. Munyika iri kuramba ichioma—ingave nekuda kwekusarongeka kwevanhu, nhoroondo yekoloni, kana tekinoroji yedhijitari—anthropology yakasimba ine hunhu: inofungisisa, ine mutoro, uye yakazvipira kuvanhu.
