Pfungwa yeSapir-Whorf muLimicutic Anthropology
Pfungwa yeSapir-Whorf ndeimwe yemazano ane simba uye anokakavadzana mukudzidza nezveanthropology yemitauro. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, pfungwa iyi inotaura kuti mutauro hausi chishandiso chekutaura pfungwa chete, asiwo unobatsira kugadzira maonero anoita vanhu nyika, kuronga zviitiko, uye kududzira chokwadi chemagariro evanhu. Mukudzidza nezveanthropology yemitauro—munda unoongorora hukama huripo pakati pemutauro, tsika, uye tsika dzevanhu—pfungwa yeSapir-Whorf inzvimbo yakakosha yekunzwisisa kuti kusiyana kwemutauro kunogona sei kuenderana nekusiyana kwenzira dzekufunga.
Makumbo uye vatambi vakuru
Fungidziro iyi inobatanidzwa nevanhu vaviri, Edward Sapir naBenjamin Lee Whorf. Sapir aive nyanzvi yemitauro uye anthropology uyo akasimbisa kuti mutauro chikamu chetsika, kwete kungova nehurongwa hwezviratidzo zvisina kwazvakarerekera. Akaona kuti mutauro unoumba maitiro ekufunga uye unopa hwaro hwezviitiko zvevanhu. Mudzidzi wake, Whorf, akavandudza pfungwa iyi kuburikidza nekudzidza mitauro yemuNorth America, kunyanya Hopi. Whorf aifarira kuti maumbirwo egirama nemashoko zvinogona sei kukurudzira vatauri kuti vateerere zvimwe zvinhu zvechokwadi.
Kunyange zvazvo kazhinji ichinzi "Sapir-Whorf hypothesis," vanhu vaviri ava havana kumbobvira vaigadzira sedzidziso imwe chete, yakajairika. Izwi iri rakazobuda gare gare kuti ripfupise pfungwa dzakasiyana-siyana pamusoro pehukama huripo pakati pemutauro nepfungwa dzakabva mubasa ravo.
Shanduro mbiri huru: hunyanzvi hwemitauro uye hukama
Mukukurukurirana kwakakurumbira, fungidziro yeSapir-Whorf inowanzonzwisiswa mumhando mbiri: shanduro yakasimba uye shanduro isina simba.
1. Kusarudza mitauro (shanduro yakasimba)
Shanduro iyi inoti mutauro ndiwo unosarudza kufunga. Kureva kuti, miganhu yemutauro ndiyo miganhu yemafungiro edu; vanhu havagoni kufunga nezvemamwe mafungiro kana mutauro wavo usina. Maonero aya ane gakava guru uye akatsoropodzwa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekurerutsa kugona kwevanhu kunzwisisa.
2. Kuwirirana kwemutauro (shanduro isina kusimba)
Shanduro iyi inogamuchirwa zvakanyanya muzvidzidzo zvemazuva ano. Chaizvoizvo, mutauro unokanganisa kufunga, kutarisisa, uye kurangarira—hausi iwo chaiwo unousarudza. Mutauro unopa zvimwe zvinhu zvekuisa zviitiko muzvikamu, saka vatauri vawo vanogona kuona zvimwe zvinhu kupfuura zvimwe.
Nyanzvi dzemazuva ano dzemitauro dzinowanzoisa pfungwa iyi muchinyorwa chinoti zvinoenderana nezviri kuitika, zvichisimbisa kuti mutauro unobatanidzwa nezvimwe zvinhu zvakaita semagariro evanhu, tsika, dzidzo, uye mamiriro ekutaurirana.
Mutauro senzira yekupatsanura tsika
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvinopihwa nepfungwa yeSapir-Whorf ndechekusimbisa kwayo basa remutauro mukuisa mumapoka. Mutauro wega wega une nzira yawo yekuparadzanisa nyika kuita mapoka ane zvazvinoreva. Mapoka aya haawanzoenderana mutsika dzakasiyana. Semuenzaniso, mimwe mitauro inosiyanisa mhando dzehukama hwehukama zvakanyanya kupfuura mimwe. Mimwe mitauro ine mazwi akasiyana ekuti "sekuru vaamai" uye "sekuru vababa," nepo mimwe ichiabatanidza kuita izwi rimwe chete, "sekuru." Misiyano iyi haisi nyaya yemashoko chete; ine chekuita nekuti hukama hwevanhu hunorongwa sei, hunoyeukwa sei, uye hunoonekwa sei sehwakakosha.
Mukudzidza nezvemitauro, masisitimu ehukama, mazwi echinzvimbo munharaunda, mazita ekuremekedza, uye kunyange mazwi emanzwiro anowanzo ongororwa semahwindo ekuona tsika. Pfungwa yeSapir-Whorf inobatsira kutsanangura kuti sei mazwi emutauro achikura muzvikamu zvakasiyana: nekuti zvikamu izvozvo zvine chekuita nehupenyu hwemagariro evanhu vawo vanotaura.
Mienzaniso inowanzo kurukurwa
Mienzaniso yakati wandei yekare inowanzoonekwa muhurukuro dzeSapir-Whorf hypothesis, kunyange zvazvo zvichifanira kucherechedzwa kuti mimwe mienzaniso yakakurumbira yakarerutswa munhau.
Chekutanga, pane nyaya yemitauro ine masisitimu akasiyana ekutumidza mavara. Kana mutauro ukasiyanisa mamwe marudzi emavara, vatauri vawo vanogona kukurumidza kuona misiyano yemavara. Izvi hazvirevi kuti vatauri vemimwe mitauro "havaoni ruvara," asi kutarisisa uye kunyora mazita kunogona kukanganisa kukurumidza kwekugadzirisa uye kuunganidzwa kwemavara.
Chechipiri, kudzidza kwaWhorf mutauro weHopi kunowanzotaurwa sekune chekuita nepfungwa yenguva. Whorf akataura kuti Hopi haaoni nguva sezvinhu "zvisingaverengeki", sezviri mumitauro yeEurope, asi senzira kana chiitiko. Izvi zvakakonzera gakava guru uye kugadziriswa, asi hurukuro iyi yakavandudza kunzwisisa kwedu kuti mapoka egirama anogona sei kuumba tsika dzemutauro uye kuti tinorondedzera sei zvakaitika.
Chechitatu, mimwe mitauro ine masisitimu egirama anoda kuti vatauri vataure rumwe ruzivo, senge kwakabva ruzivo (humbowo): kungave kuti mutauri akazviona iye pachake, akarunzwa kubva kune mumwe munhu, kana kuti akarufungidzira. Kana mutauro uchida kuti vatauri varatidze kwakabva ruzivo, vatauri vanogona kudzidziswa zviri nani kuti vateerere kwakabva ruzivo muhurukuro dzezuva nezuva. Kubva pamaonero emitauro, izvi zvine chekuita netsika dzevanhu dzakadai sekuti ungasimbisa sei kuvimbika, simba, uye mutoro wezvakataurwa.
Kutsoropodzwa nekukura kwesainzi
Pfungwa yeSapir-Whorf, kunyanya shanduro yakasimba yekusarudza zvinhu, yakatarisana nekutsoropodzwa kwakasimba. Vatsoropodzi vanoti vanhu vachiri kukwanisa kunzwisisa pfungwa itsva kuburikidza nekutsanangura, kufananidzira, kudzidza, kana kukwereta mazwi. Uyezve, mutauro unoshanduka-shanduka: vatauri vanogona kugadzira mazwi matsva kana kushandisa ekare kune zvaanoreva zvitsva.
Tsvagiridzo mu cognitive psychology uye neuroscience inoratidzawo kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvekunzwisisa nekuziva zvine hwaro hwepasi rose, zvakaita sekugona kusiyanisa mavara kana kuziva mapatani. Zvisinei, tsvagiridzo yemitauro yakasiyana-siyana yakawanawo kuti mutauro unogona kukanganisa mamwe maitiro ekuziva, kunyanya mumabasa anosanganisira kuisa muzvikamu, kurangarira mashoko, uye kutarisisa. Saka, hurukuro dzemazuva ano dzinowanzo kutsvaga nzvimbo yepakati: kune zvinhu zvepasi rose mukuziva kwevanhu, asi mutauro unobatsira mukuumbwa kwemaitiro ekufunga nenzira dzakapfava uye dzemamiriro ezvinhu.
Basa muzvidzidzo zvemitauro zvemazuva ano
Mukudzidza nezvemitauro yemazuva ano, pfungwa yeSapir-Whorf haingotaurwi sehukama hwe "mutauro → pfungwa", asi sechikamu chemagariro evanhu. Mutauro unonzwisiswa semuitiro, kwete chimiro chete. Matauriro anoita vanhu, kusarudza mazwi, kushandisa marejista epamutemo/asina kurongeka, kana kuvaka nyaya zvinopesvedzerwa netsika dzemagariro evanhu. Nokudaro, pesvedzero yemutauro panzira dzekufunga haisi yega asi yakabatana nemasangano, simba, dzidzo, uye pfungwa dzemutauro.
Semuenzaniso, munharaunda ine mitauro yakawanda, vanhu vanogona kuchinja mitauro yakasiyana zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu. Kuchinja uku hakusi kwemutauro chete, asiwo nezvehunhu: kana mumwe munhu achida kuratidza kuva pedyo, paanoda kuratidza ruremekedzo, kana paanoda kunzwika se "yakarongeka." Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, mubvunzo weSapir-Whorf unowedzera: kwete chete "mutauro upi unokanganisa pfungwa," asi "maitiro emutauro anoumba ruzivo rwevanhu uye hunhu."
Mhedziso
Pfungwa yeSapir-Whorf inoramba iri pfungwa huru mukudzidza nezvemitauro nekuti inoratidza kuti mutauro wakabatana zvakanyanya netsika uye kuti vanhu vanonzwisisa sei nyika. Kunyange hazvo pfungwa yayo yakasimba yekusarudza zvinhu yakarambwa zvakanyanya, nzira dzayo dzine mwero dzehukama hwemitauro dzinoramba dzichikosha: maumbirwo emitauro netsika dzemitauro zvinogona kukanganisa kutarisisa, kupatsanura, uye kududzira ruzivo. Pakupedzisira, kukosha kukuru kwepfungwa iyi hakusi mukutaura kwayo kwakanyanya kuti mutauro "unosunga" pfungwa, asi mukukurudzira kwayo kuona mutauro sechikamu chinoshanda chehupenyu hwevanhu - lenzi inoumba uye inoumbwa netsika dzevanhu.
