Anthropology yepfungwa uye Maitiro eMaitiro Evanhu
Anthropology nepsychology inyaya mbiri dzinobatsira kunzwisisa vanhu kubva pamaonero akasiyana. Kana izvi zviviri zvabatanidzwa, munda unozivikanwa se psychological anthropology unozvarwa. Psychological anthropology inyaya diki inoshandisa nzira kubva kunyaya mbiri idzi kuti inyatsoongorora maitiro evanhu. Kuburikidza nepfungwa iyi, tinogona kunzwisisa kuti tsika, nharaunda, nezvimwe zvinhu zvinobatana sei nepfungwa dzemunhu kuti zvigadzire zviitiko zvakasiyana zvevanhu.
Anthropology yepfungwa
Dzidzo yepfungwa yevanhu inoedza kusanganisa nzira dzehuwandu nedzemhando kuti inzwisise maitiro evanhu. Dzidzo yetsika, nenzira yayo yemhando, inopa ruzivo pamusoro petsika, zvitendero, tsika, maitiro, uye maumbirwo evanhu. Panguva iyi, dzidzo yepfungwa, nenzira yayo yehuwandu, inonyatsoongorora pfungwa, manzwiro, uye pfungwa dzevanhu.
Kubva pano, panogona kuitika kubatanidzwa kunobvumira kunzwisisa kwakadzama uye kwakazara kwekuti vanhu vanopindura sei kune nharaunda yavo, kuti vanobatana sei nenyika yakavapoteredza, uye kuti tsika nenzvimbo zvinobata sei basa mukuumba hunhu nemaitiro emunhu.
Tsika neMaitiro
Tsika chinhu chikuru chinopesvedzera maitiro evanhu. Maitiro, tsika, tsika, netsika zvibereko zvenhoroondo refu yekukura kwetsika zvakapfuudzwa kubva kuchizvarwa kuenda kune chimwe. Tsika dzinoshanda semepu yemagariro uye kambasi inotungamira vanhu muhupenyu hwavo. Zvisinei, munhu wega wega ane dudziro yakasiyana yezvinhu zvetsika, zvichienderana nezvaakasangana nazvo, dzidzo, nezvimwe zvinhu zvinopesvedzera kuzvivandudza.
Semuenzaniso, mutsika dzemubatanidzwa, dzakadai sedzinowanikwa muAsia, kubatana uye kuwirirana kwevanhu zvinokosheswa zvikuru. Nokudaro, vanhu vari mutsika idzi vanowanzo koshesa zvido zveboka kupfuura zvevanhu. Kusiyana neizvi, mutsika dzemunhu oga, dzakadai sedzinowanikwa munyika zhinji dzekuMadokero, rusununguko rwemunhu uye kutaura kwake zvinosimbiswa zvakanyanya. Nzira yepfungwa yevanhu inogona kubatsira kutsanangura kuti kusiyana kwetsika uku kunokanganisa sei mafungiro, manzwiro, uye maitiro evanhu.
Maitiro eMwana uye Kukura Kwake
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvinopihwa nepfungwa dzevanhu ndekunzwisisa kwayo kukura kwemwana. Kukura kwemwana hakuparadzaniswi nemamiriro etsika nemagariro aanokurira. Zvinhu izvi zvinopindirana nematanho ekukura kwepfungwa yemwana, zvichiumba nzira inosiyana kubva patsika netsika.
Muenzaniso unonakidza ndewekudzidza kwaMargaret Mead nezveSamoa. Mubhuku rake, "Coming of Age in Samoa," Mead akaongorora kuti maitiro ekuyaruka akasiyana sei zvikuru pakati petsika dzekuSamoa nedzekumadokero. Akaona kuti kuyaruka muSamoa kwakanga kusina kuoma uye kwakazara nemakakatanwa semaitiro akafanana muUnited States, ayo panguva iyoyo aionekwa senguva yakazara nematambudziko ekuzivikanwa. Zvakawanikwa izvi zvinoratidza kuti mamiriro etsika anogona sei kukanganisa matanho ekukura kwevana nevechiri kuyaruka.
Kuzivikanwa uye Kuzivikanwa Kwemagariro Evanhu
Kuzivikanwa ndechimwe chinhu chakakosha mukudzidza nezvepfungwa dzevanhu. Kuzivikanwa kwemunhu kunoumbwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinosanganisira tsika, mhuri, nharaunda, uye zviitiko zvemunhu. Kuzivikanwa hakusi kwega; kunoshanduka-shanduka uye kunogona kuchinja nekufamba kwenguva nemamiriro ezvinhu.
Kudzidza nezvepfungwa dzevanhu kunotibatsira kunzwisisa kuti hunhu hwemunhu nehwemagariro evanhu (sezvakaita boka revanhu, dzinza, uye murume kana mukadzi) zvinodyidzana uye zvinopesvedzerana sei. Semuenzaniso, munharaunda dzine tsika dzakasiyana-siyana, vanhu vanowanzo tora hunhu hwakasanganiswa hunoratidza simba rinobva mutsika dzakasiyana-siyana. Izvi zvinogona kukanganisa mashandiro anoita vanhu nenyika yakavapoteredza uye manzwiro avanoita nezvenzvimbo yavo munharaunda yakakura.
Mumwe muenzaniso wakapfuma unobva mukutsvagurudza nezvekuzivikanwa kwevakadzi nevarume mutsika dzakasiyana. Mune dzimwe tsika, kurongeka kwevakadzi nevarume kunoonekwa sechikamu pane kusiyana kuri nyore kwevarume nevakadzi. Izvi zvinotongwa netsika dzakasiyana dzevakadzi nevarume, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa kuzivikanwa kwevakadzi nevarume nemaitiro avo.
Kushushikana uye Nzira Dzekugadzirisa Nadzo Dambudziko
Kushushikana uye nzira dzekugadzirisa matambudziko zvakare zvinhu zvakakosha mukudzidza nezvepfungwa dzevanhu. Tsika yega yega ine nzira dzayo dzakasiyana dzekugadzirisa matambudziko kana kushushikana kwehupenyu. Mune dzimwe tsika, tsika dzechivanhu netsika dzemunharaunda zvinogona kushanda senzira dzinoshanda dzekugadzirisa matambudziko. Semuenzaniso, mune dzimwe tsika, tsika dzekuchenesa kana mhemberero dzechitendero dzinogona kupa rubatsiro rwemanzwiro anobatsira vanhu kugadzirisa matambudziko.
Kune rumwe rutivi, munharaunda dzemazuva ano, dzine hunhu hwemunhu oga, nzira dzekugadzirisa matambudziko dzinogona kuva dzemunhu oga, dzakadai sekurapa kwepfungwa kana tsika dzekufungisisa. Kunzwisisa kuti tsika dzinopesvedzera sei nzira dzekugadzirisa matambudziko kunogona kupa ruzivo rwakakosha kune vanoongorora pfungwa nevanoongorora vanhu mukugadzira nzira dzinoshanda uye dzakakodzera tsika.
Pfungwa nepfungwa dzetsika dzakasiyana-siyana
Kuziva tsika dzakasiyana kunoongorora kuti mafungiro nemaitiro ekugadzirisa matambudziko zvinosiyana sei mutsika dzakasiyana. Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzetsika dzakasiyana dzakaona kuti nzira iyo vanhu vanogadzirisa ruzivo, vanoita sarudzo, uye vanogadzirisa matambudziko inowanzo kukanganiswa nemamiriro avo etsika.
Semuenzaniso, tsvakiridzo yakaratidza kuti vanhu vanobva mutsika dzemubatanidzwa vanowanzo funga nezvematambudziko zvizere uye vanofunga nezvemamiriro ezvinhu emagariro evanhu. Panguva imwe chete, vanhu vanobva mutsika dzemunhu mumwe nemumwe vanogona kutarisa zvakanyanya pane zvimwe zvinhu uye vanowanzo shandisa nzira yekuongorora. Mhando idzi dzezvidzidzo dzinopa ruzivo rwunosimudzira kunzwisisa kwedu kuti tsika dzinoumba sei maitiro edu ekufunga.
Psychopathology uye Kusarura Kwetsika
Kudzidza nezvepfungwa dzevanhu kunoitawo basa guru mukunzwisisa psychopathology—izwi rinoreva kudzidza nezvezvirwere zvepfungwa. Maonero ezvinoonekwa se "zvakajairika" kana "zvisina kujairika" anokanganiswa zvakanyanya netsika, uye izvi zvinopesvedzera kuti zvirwere zvepfungwa zvinozivikanwa, zvinonzwisiswa, uye zvinorapwa sei.
Mamwe matambudziko ehutano hwepfungwa anogona kunge akajairika kana kuti akananga kune mamwe marudzi. Semuenzaniso, anorexia nervosa inowanzo kuve yakajairika mutsika dzekuMadokero, uko mitemo yerunako inosimbisa kutetepa. Kusiyana neizvi, mamwe masyndromes, akadai se "koro" - mamiriro ezvinhu apo vanhu vanotya zvisina musoro kuti nhengo dzavo dzesikarudzi dzichadzikira dzonyangarika mumuviri - anowanzoonekwa kuSouth neEast Asia.
Kunzwisisa rusarura rwetsika kwakakosha, sezvo ruchigona kuva chipingamupinyi chikuru pakutsvaga rubatsiro nekurapwa. Mune dzimwe tsika, chirwere chepfungwa chingaonekwa sechiratidzo chekushaya simba kana kukonzerwa nemasimba emweya, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa mashandisiro anoita vanhu rutsigiro kana kuti rutsigiro.
Mhedziso
Kudzidza nezvevanhu nezvepfungwa kunoratidza hukama huripo pakati petsika nemaitiro evanhu uye kunopa kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemaitiro aya. Nekubatanidza nzira nepfungwa kubva kudzidzo yevanhu nezvepfungwa, tinogona kuwana maonero akazara ekuti vanhu vanofunga sei, vanonzwa sei, uye vanoita sei mukati memamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo etsika nenharaunda. Kubva pakuzivikanwa kusvika pakugadzirisa matambudziko, kubva pakuziva kusvika pakufunga nezvepfungwa, kudzidza nezvevanhu nezvepfungwa kunopa nzira dzakasiyana dzekunzwisisa kuoma kwemaitiro evanhu.
Mukupedzisa, zvakakosha kuti vaongorori vari muzvikamu zvose izvi varambe vachibatsirana, vachigovana pfungwa, uye vachigadzira dzidziso dzinogona kushandiswa kubatsira vanhu nenzanga kubudirira munyika iri kuramba ichioma uye yakasiyana-siyana.
