Anthropology yezvekurapa uye mushonga unotsiva
Anthropology yezvekurapa ibazi reanthropology rinoongorora hutano, zvirwere, muviri, uye maitiro ekurapa maererano netsika, maumbirwo emagariro evanhu, hupfumi, uye simba. Chikamu ichi chinosimbisa kuti "hutano" uye "chirwere" hazvisi nyaya dzezvehupenyu chete, asiwo zviitiko zvevanhu zvinoumbwa netsika, zvitendero, hukama hwevanhu, uye mamiriro ehupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Munharaunda dzakawanda, kunzwisisa kwevanhu zvinokonzera chirwere, kusarudza kurapwa, uye kuongorora kuporesa kunopesvedzerwa zvakanyanya netsika neruzivo rwemunharaunda. Nokudaro, anthropology yezvekurapa inoshanda sebhiriji rakakosha rekunzwisisa kudyidzana pakati pemaitiro emazuva ano ekurapa uye marudzi akasiyana-siyana emishonga yakasiyana.
Mishonga inogona kushandiswa panzvimbo imwe chete—inowanzonzi mishonga yechivanhu, inosanganisa mishonga, kana kuti isiri yekurapa—inosanganisira nzira dzakadai sejamu (mishonga yemishonga), masaji, acupuncture, mishonga yemishonga, kuporesa kwemweya, uye nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzakagadzirwa kuburikidza neruzivo rwechivanhu. MuIndonesia, mhando idzi dzinoshanda pamwe chete nemabasa ekurapa emazuva ano: zvipatara, makiriniki, vanachiremba, nemishonga yemishonga. Kuburikidza nemaonero ezvevanhu vezvekurapa, kuvapo kwemishonga inogona kushandiswa panzvimbo imwe chete hakusi kungori "sarudzo," asi chikamu chehurongwa hwezvinoreva hunopa pfungwa yekuchengetedzeka, kuzivikanwa kwetsika, uye nzira dzekurarama pakati pekusagona kuwana rubatsiro rwakawanda uye kusava nechokwadi kwehutano.
Maonero Anoita Anthropology Yezvekurapa Pazvirwere
Mumashoko ezvevanhu, pane musiyano wakakosha pakati pechirwere nechirwere. Chirwere chinoreva chirwere chemuviri chinogona kuyerwa mukurapa, senge hutachiona, kuzvimba, kana kukuvara kwenhengo. Panguva imwecheteyo, chirwere chinoreva chiitiko chemunhu chekunzwa kusanzwa zvakanaka, kushaya simba, kana "kusajairika," kusanganisira zvinorehwa nevanhu uye zvemanzwiro zvinoperekedza. Munhu anogona kusangana nechirwere asina kuongororwa zvakajeka, kana kuti, kuva nechirwere asi achinzwa zvakanaka. Musiyano uyu unotsanangura kuti nei vamwe varwere vachiramba vachitsvaga dzimwe nzira dzekurapa kunyangwe mushure mekuona chiremba: nekuti zvavari kutsvaga hazvisi tsananguro yemuviri chete, asiwo mhinduro yezviitiko zvavo zvehupenyu - kuzvidya mwoyo, kutya, kunyara, kana kusawirirana muhukama hwevanhu.
Nyanzvi yezvevanhu mukurapa inodzidzawo "mienzaniso yekutsanangura" yezvikonzero zvechirwere. Mune dzimwe nzanga, chirwere chinonzwisiswa sekusawirirana kwemvura, kusagadzikana kwesimba, zvinopesvedzera pakudya, kana kunyange zvinhu zvemweya zvakaita semashiripiti matema uye kutyorwa kwemitemo. Mienzaniso iyi yekutsanangura inokanganisa sarudzo dzekurapa. Kana chirwere chichifungidzirwa kuti chinobva ku "masuk angin," saka kukwenya, kukwiza, kana mishonga inodziya zvinoonekwa sezvine musoro. Kana chirwere chichinzwisiswa sekukanganisa kwemweya, ipapo kurapa kwemunamato kana tsika dzekuporesa zvinova zvakakosha. Izvi hazvirevi kuti maonero aya "haana musoro," asi ane musoro mukati mehurongwa hwetsika uye zviitiko zvinozivikanwa munharaunda.
Mushonga Wekumwe Setsika
Mishonga yechivanhu inowanzo shandiswa muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Semuenzaniso, Jamu haisi musanganiswa wemishonga yemishonga chete, asiwo ruzivo rwemuviri, mwaka, chikafu, uye tsika dzemhuri. Maitiro echivanhu ekukwiza muviri haasi kungogadzirisa tsandanyama chete, asi hukama hwekuvimbana pakati pemurapi nemurwere, kusanganisira kunzwa "kukwana" kunowanzova chiratidzo chekubudirira. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, mishonga yechivanhu inopa nzvimbo yekutaurirana kupfuura yehutano hwepamutemo, iyo inowanzo kuve nekukurumidza uye nenzira dzekuita.
Uyezve, mishonga inogona kushandiswa pakubatsira vanhu. Kana munhu achirwara, mhuri nevavakidzani vanokurudzira mimwe mishonga yemishonga kana kuti vanokurudzira "vakachenjera" vanotendwa kuti vanokwanisa kumurapa. Mazano aya anogadzira rutsigiro rwevanhu. Kupora hakungoyerwi nekunyangarika kwezviratidzo chete, asiwo nekudzoka kwekushanda kwevanhu: kugona kushanda, kutora chikamu mumabasa emunharaunda, uye kuzadzisa mabasa emhuri. Apa ndipo panotibatsira kunzwisisa kuti kurapa inzira yemagariro evanhu, kwete chiito chemunhu mumwe chete.
Nei Vanhu Vakawanda Vachisarudza Mishonga Isingashandiswe?
Zvikonzero zvinoverengeka zvinowanzoonekwa mukutsvagurudza kwezvevanhu panyaya dzezvekurapa. Chekutanga, kuwana rubatsiro: mutengo, daro, kuwanikwa kwevanachiremba, uye mhando yebasa. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, mishonga yechivanhu iri pedyo uye inodhura zvishoma. Chechipiri, kuvimba neruzivo: varwere vakanzwa "vasinganzwiki" munzvimbo dzehutano dzepamutemo vanogona kunzwa vachikosheswa nevarapi vekurapa. Chechitatu, tsika neruzivo: kushandisa mishonga yechivanhu kunogona kuva nzira yekuchengetedza nhaka yeruzivo rwemhuri nerwenharaunda. Chechina, tariro yekurapwa: kana zvirwere zvisingaperi zvakaoma kurapa, varwere vanowanzotsvaga mamwe marapirwo ekuderedza marwadzo, kuwedzera simba, kana kungowana pfungwa yekudzora miviri yavo.
Kune rumwe rutivi, kusarudza mushonga wekurapa kwakasiyana hazvirevi kuramba mishonga yekurapa. Vanhu vazhinji vanobatanidza zvinhu zviviri izvi nenzira inoshanda: kuona chiremba kuti vaongororwe chirwere uye kurapwa nekukurumidza, vozoshandisa mishonga yemishonga kana kuti masaja kuti vaporeswe. Chiitiko ichi chinonzi kushandiswa kwemishonga yekuwedzera. Nyanzvi yezvekurapa inoona tsika iyi "yakasanganiswa" senzira inochinjika—varwere vanoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzeruzivo kuti vawedzere mikana yavo yekupora.
Hukama hweSimba uye Tsika muMishonga
Dzidzo yevanhu panyaya dzezvekurapa inotsoropodzawo hukama hwemasimba muhutano. Maitiro ekurapa anowanzoiswa sechiyero chechokwadi, nepo ruzivo rwemunharaunda ruchionekwa serwechipiri. Zvisinei, mitemo iyi inotangira munhoroondo, masangano, uye zvido zvakananga. Maonero aya haarambi mishonga yemazuva ano, asi anoda kuti pave nekutaurirana kwakaenzana pakati pachiremba nemurwere: kunzwisisa mutauro wemurwere, kuremekedza zvavanotenda, uye kutsanangura zvakajeka njodzi nemabhenefiti ekurapa.
Zvisinei, dzidzo yezvekurapa inoratidzawo matambudziko ekurapa kwakasiyana. Haasi ese marapirwo echinyakare akachengeteka kana kuti anoshanda, kunyanya kana achinzi "mishonga" yezvirwere zvakakomba pasina humbowo, kana varwere pavanokumbirwa kuti varege kurapwa kwakakosha. Apa ndipo panonyanya kukosha tsika: kudzivirira varwere kubva mutsika dzinoshandiswa zvisina kunaka, pachena maererano nemiganhu yekurapa, uye mitemo inovimbisa kuchengetedzeka kwezvinoshandiswa uye kugona kwevanorapa. Nzira yakanakisa haisi yekupikisa bato rimwe chete, asi kuvaka kushandira pamwe neruzivo rwehutano.
Kubatanidzwa Kwetsika Netsika
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinobatsira zvekudzidza nezvevanhu munyaya dzezvekurapa ndechekusimudzira kutarisirwa kwetsika nemagariro. Izvi zvinoreva kuti nyanzvi dzezvehutano hadzingotarise zviratidzo zvekurapa chete asiwo pakunzwisisa maitiro emurwere ekudya, maitiro ebasa, zvitendero zvemhuri, uye kushandiswa kwemishonga yechivanhu. Izvi zvinoderedza njodzi yekudyidzana kwemishonga, kusataurirana zvakanaka, uye kusatevedzera kurapwa.
Kubatanidzwa kunogonawo kuwanikwa kuburikidza nekutsvaga nekukurukurirana. Mamwe maitiro echinyakare anogona kuongororwa nesainzi kuti aone kuchengetedzeka uye kushanda zvakanaka here, obva aiswa senzira dzekurapa dzinoenderana. Panguva imwe chete, ruzivo rwemuno runofanira kukosheswa senzira yekuvandudza zvinhu zvitsva. Mishonga yakawanda yemazuva ano yakatanga nekutsvaga mishonga yemishonga. Nekubatsirana kwetsika, mishonga yechivanhu haikosheswi asi inosimbiswa kuburikidza netsika dzakanaka, dzidzo, uye kuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzenharaunda dzeruzivo rwavo.
Penutup
Kudzidza nezvevanhu nezvekurapa kunotibatsira kunzwisisa kuti hutano hahupo hwega muchipatara, asi hunogara mukati metsika, hukama hwevanhu, uye zviitiko zvezuva nezuva. Mishonga inogona kushandiswa pane dzimwe nzira iripo nekuti vanhu vanoda zvinopfuura kungoongororwa chete: vanoda chinangwa, rutsigiro, uye tariro. Sezvo mabasa ekurapa emazuva ano achichinja, mishonga yechivanhu uye inoenderana icharamba iri chikamu chakakosha chekutarisira kunoita vanhu miviri yavo.
Nzira inobatsira zvikuru ndeyekuvaka nzira dzekurapa dzinobatanidza vanhu: kusimbisa mishonga yekurapa netsika, ukuwo vachiisa dzimwe nzira dzekurapa mukati mehurongwa hwakachengeteka, hunhu, uye humbowo. Nenzira iyi, varwere havamanikidzwe kusarudza pakati pe "mazuva ano" ne "tsika," asi vanogona kuwana rubatsiro rwakakwana - rwemuviri, rwepfungwa, uye rwemagariro - runosangana nezvinodiwa zvavo.
