Dzidziso yeMagadzirirwo eChimiro muAnthropology yetsika
ziviso
Kuumbwa kwechimiro, nzira yakakurumbira yedzidziso pakati pezana remakore rechi20, kwave kuri mbiru huru muzvidzidzo zvetsika. Kubva mumitauro uye kusvika muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvesainzi yemagariro evanhu, kuumbwa kwechimiro kunotsvaga kunzwisisa maumbirwo ari pasi anoumba tsika dzevanhu nemafungiro avo. Pachinyanya, kuumbwa kwechimiro kunoona tsika sehurongwa hwezviratidzo uye kunotsvaga kufumura mitemo netsika dzinotonga masisitimu aya ezviratidzo. Chinyorwa chino chinotarisa misimboti, vanhu vakakosha, nzira dzekuita, uye kutsoropodzwa kwedzidziso yechimiro muzvidzidzo zvetsika.
Midzi yeKurongwa Kwemaumbirwo
Hunhu hwepfungwa hunobva mudzidziso dzemitauro dzaFerdinand de Saussure. Pfungwa dzaSaussure pamusoro pehunhu hwechiratidzo chemutauro, musiyano uripo pakati pe'mutauro' (mutauro) ne'parole' (kutaura), uye zvinorehwa nemutauro zvine simba guru pakukura kwehunhu hwepfungwa. Sekureva kwaSaussure, mutauro unoumba hurongwa hwehukama, uye zvaunoreva zvinobva mukupesana kwezviviri. Maonero aya aizova akakosha mukuumba nzira dzepfungwa dzevanhu.
Claude Lévi-Strauss uye Hunhu hweVanhu
Claude Lévi-Strauss pamwe ndiye munhu anonyanya kuzivikanwa ane chekuita nehurongwa hwezvinhu muvanhu. Achikurudzirwa neSaussurean linguistics, Lévi-Strauss akataura kuti tsika dzevanhu, dzakawanda dzakafanana nemitauro, dzinogona kunzwisiswa kuburikidza nekuongorora maumbirwo adzo. Akafunga kuti pfungwa dzevanhu dzinoshanda zvichibva pamisimboti yepasi rose inokwanisa kuzivikanwa kuburikidza nekudzidza ngano, masisitimu ehukama, uye tsika dzevanhu.
Ngano uye Kupikisa Kwechipiri
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvakapihwa naLévi-Strauss kuongorora ngano. Mubhuku rake guru rinonzi “The Structural Study of Myth,” Lévi-Strauss akataura kuti ngano dzinobva mutsika dzakasiyana dzakaratidza mapatani akafanana ezvimiro. Akaratidza kuti ngano, kunyangwe dzakasiyana muzvinyorwa, dzakarongwa kuburikidza nekupesana kunogara kuchiitika senge hupenyu/rufu, zvisikwa/tsika, uye mbichana/zvakabikwa. Kupesana uku, akadaro, mapatani epfungwa epasi rose anobatsira vanhu kugadzirisa nyika yakaoma yakavapoteredza.
Maitiro eKuronga Magadzirirwo Ezvinhu
Nzira yekuvaka inosanganisira kuziva nekuongorora maumbirwo akadzika ari pasi pezviitiko zvetsika. Izvi zvinowanzoda kupatsanura zvinhu zvetsika kuita zvikamu zvavo zvekutanga, zvinozivikanwa se'ngano' kana tichitarisa ngano. Zvikamu izvi zvinotsvakurudzwa kuti zvinzwisise mitemo yehukama uye mapoka maviri anopikisa anogadzira zvinoreva tsika.
Masisitimu eUkama
Lévi-Strauss akawedzera ongororo yemaumbirwo emasisitimu ehukama mubasa rake rinonzi "The Elementary Structures of Kinship." Akaratidza kuti hukama hwemhuri nehwemagariro evanhu hunotongwa nemitemo yakafanana nemaumbirwo emitauro. Nekuongorora mitemo yekuroorana, mitemo yekusawirirana pakati pehama, uye hukama hwemhuri, akataura kuti mitemo iyi inoshanda senzira yekuronga magariro evanhu pasi rose munharaunda dzevanhu.
Hurongwa hweMaumbirwo uye Masisitimu eZviratidzo
Kuumbwa kwechimiro kunoratidzawo basa rezvirongwa zvezviratidzo mutsika. Zvinhu, tsika, uye tsika dzemagariro evanhu zvinoonekwa sezviratidzo zvezvirongwa zviri pasi. Semuenzaniso, tsika dzekubika, mhemberero dzechitendero, uye zvirambidzo zvemagariro evanhu zvinopa ruzivo rwemaitiro ekutanga epfungwa anoumba tsika. Saka nzira yekuvaka chimiro inopa chishandiso chine simba chekunzwisisa mitauro yezviratidzo iyo tsika dzinozviratidza.
Tsvagiridzo dzeKurongwa kweMagadzirirwo
Kunyange hazvo hunyanzvi hwekuvaka hwakapesvedzera zvikuru dzidziso dzezvevanhu, hwakakwezvawo kushoropodzwa kwakawanda. Imwe yepfungwa huru ine chekuita nepfungwa dzayo dzekuti zvinhu zvinogadziriswa uye kuderedza tsika. Vanotsoropodza vanoti hunyanzvi hwekuvaka hunosimbisa zvakanyanya kuomarara kwemaitiro etsika ukuwo huchideredza simba remunhu uye hunhu hwetsika. Hunoshoropodzwa nekuda kwekunyanya kutarisa pakutsvaga maitiro epasi rose uchisiya kusiyana kwenzvimbo nenzvimbo dzenhoroondo.
Kusimbisa kwechimiro chemuviri papfungwa mbiri kwakapikiswawo. Vatsoropodzi vanoti chimiro chemuviri chemuviri chakadaro chinogona kurerutsa tsika dzakaoma uye kusateerera kuchinjika uye kupindirana kwemapoka etsika. Vanyori vezvekuvaka vakaita saMichel Foucault naJacques Derrida vakapikisa pfungwa mbiri dzechimiro chemuviri uye zvimiro zvepasi rose zvakagadziriswa zvakaiswa nepfungwa dzechimiro, vachitsigira kunzwisisa tsika senzvimbo yakakamurwa uye inokakavadzana.
Nhaka yeStructalism uye Kukosha Kwemazuva Ano
Pasinei nekutsoropodzwa, simba rehurongwa hwezvinhu pakudzidza nezvevanhu nedzimwe sayenzi yemagariro evanhu richiri kukosha. Yakaisa hwaro hwenzira dzedzidziso dzinotevera, dzinosanganisira semiotics, post-structuralism, uye cognitive anthropology. Yakapa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pehunhu hwekufananidzira kwetsika dzevanhu nepfungwa, ichipesvedzera kutsvagurudza kwemazuva ano mungano, ngano, uye kunyange psychoanalysis.
Kuumbwa kwenzvimbo kunokurudzira vanoongorora tsika dzevanhu kuti vatarise zvinopfuura kutaura kwetsika kunooneka uye kutsvaga maumbirwo akadzika anotungamira maitiro evanhu uye kurongeka kwevanhu. Nekuratidza kupararira kwemamwe maitiro ekufunga, zvinovhura hurukuro pakati petsika dzakasiyana, zvichikurudzira kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwezvinhu zvakafanana zvezviitiko zvevanhu.
mhedziso
Dzidziso yeStructuralism yave iri hwaro hwakakosha muzvidzidzo zvetsika, ichipa ruzivo rwakadzama nezvemaumbirwo anotsigira pfungwa netsika dzevanhu. Kunyangwe yakatarisana nekutsoropodzwa kwakakosha, kusimbiswa kwayo pazviratidzo nezvikamu zvetsika kwakaramba kuchipesvedzera kutsvagurudza nedzidziso yevanhu. Nhaka yeStructuralism ichiripo, ichishanda sehwaro uye nzvimbo yekutanga kwekutsvaga kwemazuva ano kuoma kwetsika nepfungwa dzevanhu.
Kuburikidza nepfungwa yehunhu, vanyori vezvemagariro evanhu vanoyeuchidzwa nezvehukama hwakaoma hunoumba nzanga dzevanhu, vachivakurudzira kuti vaburitse maumbirwo akadzika anoumba tambo yehupenyu hwetsika. Sezvatinoramba tichiongorora nekuwedzera kunzwisisa kwedu tsika pasi rose, hunhu hunopa chishandiso chakakosha chedzidziso, chinovhara mikaha iri pakati pezviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvevanhu uye kuratidza maumbirwo akafanana anotibatanidza pamwe chete.
