Hukama hweAnthropology neNhau dzeKodzero dzevanhu
Anthropology, kudzidza kwesainzi kwevanhu, maitiro avo, uye nzanga dzavo, kunosangana kwemazana emakore, kunounza zvazvinoreva zvikuru kukodzero dzevanhu. Nekunyatsoongorora tsika dzakasiyana-siyana, tsika dzemagariro evanhu, mamiriro enhoroondo, uye mativi ehupenyu hwevanhu, anthropology inopa mukana wakasiyana wekuti kuoma kwekodzero dzevanhu kuongororwe nekunzwisiswa.
Kodzero Dzevanhu: Pfupiso
Kodzero dzevanhu ikodzero huru dzinowanikwa nemunhu wese, zvisinei nerudzi rwake, murume kana mukadzi, rudzi rwake, chitendero chake, mutauro wake, kana chimwe chinzvimbo. Kodzero idzi dzinosanganisira rusununguko rwakadai serwekutaura, kunamata, uye kodzero yekutongwa zvakanaka, pamwe nekudzivirirwa kubva mukushungurudzwa kwakadai serusarura, uranda, uye kutambudzwa. Dzakanyorwa mumagwaro akadai seUnited Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), kodzero idzi dzine chinangwa chekuchengetedza rukudzo rwevanhu vese.
Anthropology neKodzero Dzevanhu: Maonero Enhoroondo
Hukama huripo pakati peanthropology nekodzero dzevanhu hwakachinja zvakanyanya nekufamba kwenguva. Mukati memakore ekutanga ezana remakore rechi19 nerekutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, anthropology dzimwe nguva yakabatsira muzvirongwa zvekoloni, nevanoongorora anthropology vachisimbisa pfungwa dzisina kunaka uye kudzvinyirirwa kwekoloni nekunyora tsika "dzisiri dzechivanhu" kubva pamaonero eEurocentric.
Zvisinei, mushure meHondo Yenyika II zvakaunza kufungisisa zvakadzama mukati medzidzo, zvichisimbisa kunetseka kwetsika uye kukosha kwekuongorora kusaruramisirwa kwakaiswa munharaunda dzakasiyiwa. Nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzine mukurumbira dzakadai saFranz Boas naMargaret Mead dzakatsigira chitendero chetsika chinochinja-chinja—maonero edzidziso anotsigira kunzwisisa nekuongorora tsika dzetsika mumamiriro avo ezvinhu. Pfungwa iyi inopa hurongwa hwakakosha hwekugadzirisa nyaya dzekodzero dzevanhu, zvichikurudzira kubatanidzwa kwakajeka uye kunzwira tsitsi netsika dzakasiyana.
Kuwirirana Kwetsika vs. Kusawirirana Kwevanhu Vose: Kuyananisa Kusiyana
Imwe yenharo dzinogara dziripo mu anthropology yekodzero dzevanhu ndeyekusawirirana kuripo pakati petsika dzinoenderana nemaonero evanhu uye universalism. Cultural relativism inoti kodzero dzevanhu dzinofanira kududzirwa mukati metsika dzavanotangira, ichinyevera nezvekutonga kwemadzinza. Kusiyana neizvi, universalism inoti kodzero dzevanhu hadzibviswi uye dzinofanira kushanda zvakafanana munzvimbo dzese dzetsika.
Nhaurirano iyi haisi yedzidzo chete; ine zvazvinoreva zvakadzama. Semuenzaniso, tsika dzakadai sekucheka nhengo dzepabonde dzevakadzi (FGM) kana kurapwa kwevanhu veLGBTQ+ dzinosiyana zvakanyanya mutsika dzakasiyana uye dzinogona kukonzera matambudziko mukugadzira mitemo yekodzero dzevanhu inogamuchirwa pasi rose. Nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzinoita basa rakakosha mukugadzirisa matambudziko aya, dzichiongorora zvakadzama kuti vangachengetedza sei chiremerera chevanhu uku vachiremekedza kusiyana kwetsika.
Mipiro Yenzira Dzekuita Kodzero Dzevanhu
Nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana—kuongorora madzinza evanhu, kuongorora vatori vechikamu, kubvunzurudza, uye kuenzanisa—dzichipa nhoroondo dzakapfuma uye dzakakwana dzezvakaitika kuvanhu. Nzira idzi dzinobatsira nyanzvi dzezvevanhu kuunganidza ruzivo rwakadzama nezvehupenyu hwevanhu mumamiriro akasiyana etsika, izvo zvinogona kubatsira mukutsigira kodzero dzevanhu.
Semuenzaniso, tsvakiridzo yetsika dzevanhu munharaunda dzakakanganiswa nekutengeswa kwevanhu inogona kuwana ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro pemamiriro ehupfumi netsika dzinotsigira tsika dzakadaro. Izvi zvinogonawo kubatsira kupindira kunoshanda uye kunokoshesa tsika uye mitemo yekurwisa kutengeswa kwevanhu. Saizvozvowo, zvidzidzo zvevanhu mumisasa yevapoteri zvinopa ongororo yakakosha yekubatsira vanhu, zvichiratidza mipata uye zvichiratidza kuvandudzwa kwakavakirwa pazvinodiwa chaizvo nemaonero evanhu vakabviswa mudzimba dzavo.
Zvidzidzo zveNyaya uye Basa reMunda: Anthropology iri Kushanda
1. Kodzero dzeVanhu Vemuno:
Nharaunda dzemuno pasi rose dzinotarisana nekusachengetedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu uye kutyorwa kwekodzero dzavo. Nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzinoshanda nemapoka aya dzinonyora nezvemhedzisiro yekutorwa kwenhaka, kudzvinyirirwa kwetsika, uye kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza. Zvidzidzo zvakaunza kutariswa kwenyika yose kunyaya dzakadai sekodzero dzevhu, kuchengetedzwa kwemitauro yemuno, uye kuchengetedzwa kwenzvimbo tsvene. Kutsigira kwakasimbiswa nekutsvagurudza kwevanhu kunotsigira hondo dzemutemo uye kuedza kwekukurudzira pasi rose, sezvinoonekwa muzviitiko zvakaita sesangano reZapatista muMexico kana kuratidzira kweStanding Rock Sioux Tribe vachipikisa Dakota Access Pipeline muUnited States.
2. Mhirizhonga Yakavakirwa Pavanhukadzi:
Tsvagiridzo yezvevanhu yave yakakosha mukunzwisisa nekugadzirisa mhirizhonga inokonzerwa nevanhukadzi. Nekuongorora mamiriro etsika dzetsika dzakadai seFGM, kuroorana kwevana, uye mhirizhonga inokonzerwa nerukudzo, nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinobatsira kuronga nyaya idzi nenzira dzinoita kuti kuve nekutsigira kwakanaka uye kupindira. Vanoshanda nenharaunda dzemunharaunda kuti vanzwisise maonero avo, vachibatsirana mukugadzira mapurogiramu anoenderana netsika uku vachitsigira nheyo dzekodzero dzevanhu.
3. Hutano neKodzero dzevanhu:
Zvirongwa zvehutano zvinobatsirwa zvikuru neruzivo rwevanhu, zvichiratidza kuti zvinhu zvemagariro evanhu, zvehupfumi, uye zvetsika zvinokanganisa sei mhedzisiro yehutano. Semuenzaniso, zvidzidzo zvevanhu nezvedenda reEbola kuWest Africa zvakaratidza kusavimba kwenzvimbo nehurongwa hwehutano netsika dzakatenderedza kurwara nerufu, izvo zvaive zvakakosha mukugadzira nzira dzehutano dzinoshanda uye dzinoremekedza.
Mabasa Etsika Nekutsigira
Nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dziri kuramba dzichidanwa kuti dziite kufungisisa nezvetsika uye kuratidzira. Vanotarisana nedambudziko rekuenzanisa mabasa avo kune vanhu vavanotonga nekuzvipira kwakakura kukodzero dzevanhu. Nhungamiro dzetsika dzinoitwa nemasangano akaita seAmerican Anthropological Association (AAA) dzinorayira nyanzvi dzezvevanhu kuti dzisakuvadzwe uye dziedze kubatsira nharaunda dzavanodzidza. Hutungamiriri uhwu hwetsika hunoda kutsigira kusaruramisirwa—kungave kunobva mumitemo yehurumende, tsika dzemakambani, kana tsika.
mhedziso
Kubatana kwakadzama kweAnthropology nevanhu, vekare nevemazuva ano, kunoita kuti ive panzvimbo yakasiyana yekugadzirisa nyaya dzekodzero dzevanhu. Nekushandisa nzira dzinosimbisa tsitsi, mamiriro ezvinhu, uye kunzwisisa tsika, vanoongorora anthropology vanopa maonero akakosha pamativi ese ekodzero dzevanhu pasi rose uye etsika. Kuburikidza nekutsvagisa kwakasimba, kutsigira tsika, uye kuyananisa kwakadzama pakati petsika dzinoenderana netsika uye kudyidzana kwevanhu vese, anthropology inobatsira zvikuru mukuenderera mberi kwekutsvaga nyika yakarurama uye yakaenzana. Sezvo kodzero dzevanhu dzichiramba dzichichinja zvichienderana nematambudziko epasi rose, kunzwisisa nekupindira kweanthropology kucharamba kuchikosha.
