Anthropology yepfungwa uye Maitiro eMunhu
Psychological anthropology chikamu chidiki cheanthropology chinoongorora kubatana kuripo pakati petsika nemaitiro epfungwa emunhu. Chinoedza kutsanangura kuti mamiriro etsika anoumbwa sei uye anoumbwa sei nekuziva kwevanhu, manzwiro, kukura, hunhu, uye hutano hwepfungwa. Yakavakirwa muanthropology uye psychology, nzira iyi yekudyidzana kwemasangano inopa kunzwisisa kwakasiyana-siyana kwemaitiro emunhu.
Historical Foundations
Midzi yepfungwa dzevanhu inogona kuteverwa kudzokera kumashure kusvika pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, apo nyanzvi dzezvevanhu vakaita saFranz Boas naRuth Benedict dzakatanga kuongorora hukama huripo pakati petsika nehunhu. Boas, aiwanzoonekwa sababa veAmerican anthropology, akapikisa maonero etsika akapararira munguva yake. Akataura kuti tsika dzine simba guru asi hadzitungamiriri maitiro emunhu. Ruth Benedict akawedzera pfungwa idzi, achiongorora kuti nzanga dzakasiyana dzinogadzira sei mapatani akasiyana ehunhu, basa raakaratidza mubasa rake, "Mapatani eTsika."
Misoro Yepamusoro uye Nzvimbo Dzekudzidza
Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa inoongorora misoro yakawanda:
1. Kuziva Tsika: Izvi zvine chekuita nekuti nzanga dzakasiyana dzinoona sei, dzinonzwisisa sei, uye dzinodudzira sei nyika yakavapoteredza. Nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzinodzidza kuti mienzaniso yetsika nemadimikira zvinopesvedzera sei mafungiro, kugadzirisa matambudziko, uye kuita sarudzo. Semuenzaniso, tsvakiridzo inogona kuongorora kuti kupatsanurwa kwemavara kunosiyana sei mutsika dzakasiyana uye mhedzisiro yemaonero.
2. Manzwiro: Manzwiro haasi evanhu vose asi anokonzerwa netsika netsika. Semuenzaniso, pfungwa yechiJapan yekuti 'amae,' kunzwa kwekuzvinyima, haina kufanana zvakananga netsika dzekuMadokero. Nyanzvi dzezvepfungwa dzinodzidza kuti tsika dzinovaka sei zviitiko zvemanzwiro uye basa remanzwiro mukukurukurirana kwevanhu.
3. Kuzviziva uye Kuzivikanwa: Pfungwa dzekuzviziva uye kuzivikanwa dzinosiyana zvakanyanya mutsika dzakasiyana. Nharaunda dzekuMadokero dzinowanzo simbisa kuzvimirira, nepo tsika zhinji dzisiri dzekuMadokero dzichikoshesa kuungana kwevanhu. Psychological anthropology inoongorora kusiyana uku uye zvakunoreva pamaitiro, kuzviremekedza, uye hukama hwevanhu.
4. Kukura kweVana: Kukura kwevana nekukura kwavo kunokanganiswa zvikuru nemamiriro etsika. Kubva pamaitiro ekurera vana kusvika pakudzidzisa, nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinoongorora kuti shanduko dzetsika dzinokanganisa sei kukura kwepfungwa, manzwiro, uye magariro evanhu.
5. Hutano Hwepfungwa: Mapoka akasiyana ane nzira dzakasiyana dzekunzwisisa nekurapa zvirwere zvepfungwa. Psychological anthropology inoongorora nzira idzi dzakasiyana-siyana, ichijekesa midzi yetsika yezvirwere zvepfungwa uye nzira dzekurapa.
Nzira dzeMethodological
Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa inoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuongorora maitiro evanhu:
1. Ethnography: Basa remumunda rakadzama uye renguva refu rinoramba riri musimboti wekutsvagurudza kwevanhu. Nekuzvinyudza munharaunda, vanoongorora vanhu vanowana ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro petsika dzinoumba maitiro emunhu.
2. Ongororo neKubvunzurudza: Nzira dzehuwandu dzakadai seongororo, pamwe chete nekubvunzurudza kwemhando yepamusoro, dzinogona kutsanangura zvitendero zvetsika, tsika, uye zvazvinoreva mupfungwa.
3. Kuenzanisa Tsika Netsika: Nekuenzanisa tsika dzakasiyana-siyana, nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzevanhu dzinogona kuona hunhu hwepasi rose uye maitiro akasiyana netsika, zvichipa kunzwisisa kwakakura kwepfungwa dzevanhu.
Maonero eTheoretical
Maonero akati wandei edzidziso anotsigira dzidziso dzepfungwa dzevanhu:
1. Kuenderana Kwetsika: Iyi nheyo, inotsigirwa naFranz Boas, inotaura kuti munhu anofanira kunzwisisa maitiro emunhu mukati metsika yake. Inopesana netsika dzemadzinza uye inokurudzira pfungwa yekuti tsika hadzisi dzepamusoro kana kuti dzakaderera pane dzimwe.
2. Dzidziso yeMaModhero eTsika: Dzidziso iyi inoratidza kuti vanhu vanodzidza uye vanoshanda zvichibva pamhando dzetsika dzakafanana, idzo dziri zvirongwa zvepfungwa zvinomiririra mamiriro ezvinhu, mabasa, kana zviitiko mukati metsika.
3. Dzidziso yeChimiro cheNzvimbo: Maonero aya anoratidza kuti kuziva kwevanhu nemaitiro avo zvinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu enharaunda netsika. Inoongorora kuti mamiriro akasiyana enharaunda anoumba sei tsika nemagariro evanhu.
Zvikumbiro uye Zvinorehwa
Pfungwa dzakawanikwa kubva mukudzidza nezvepfungwa dzevanhu dzine mashandisirwo akakosha:
1. Dzidzo: Kunzwisisa kusiyana kwetsika mukuziva uye maitiro ekudzidza kunogona kubatsira pakudzidzisa nekudzidzisa kwakagadzirirwa vadzidzi vakasiyana-siyana.
2. Hutano Hwepfungwa: Nzira dzinoenderana netsika dzekurapa hutano hwepfungwa dzinogona kuvandudza mhedzisiro yevanhu vanobva kwakasiyana-siyana. Kuziva kusiyana kwetsika muzviratidzo uye ruzivo rwechirwere chepfungwa kwakakosha pakuongorora nekurapa zvinobudirira.
3. Hukama Hwenyika Dzepasi Pose: Kunzwisisa mafambiro epfungwa dzetsika kunogona kuwedzera kushanda nesimba kwezvekudyidzana nedzimwe nyika, kushanda pamwe chete kwenyika dzese, uye nzira dzekugadzirisa kusawirirana.
4. Zvirongwa Zvehutano Pasirose: Ruzivo rwetsika rwakakosha pakubudirira kwezvirongwa zvehutano, zvichiva nechokwadi chekuti zvirongwa zvakakodzera tsika uye nekudaro zvinogona kugamuchirwa uye kushanda.
Case Studies
Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvinoratidza kushanda kwe psychological anthropology:
1. Kuratidza Manzwiro muJapan: Tsvagiridzo pamusoro pekutaura manzwiro muJapan inoratidza kusimbiswa kwakasimba pakuwirirana uye kuzvidzora. Nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzakaona kuti vanhu vekuJapan vanowanzo dzvinyirira manzwiro avo kuti varambe vachiwirirana muboka, maitiro akadzika midzi mutsika dzavo.
2. Kurera Vana muGusii yeKenya: Ongororo dzakaitwa nevanhu veGusii yeKenya dzinoratidza kuti tsika dzekurera vana dzinosimbisa kuva pedyo uye kupindura. Maitiro aya anokanganisa kukura kwemaitiro ekubatana uye maitiro emagariro evanhu, zvichisiyana nemaitiro ekurera vana anotarisa kuzvimiririra munharaunda dzekuMadokero.
3. Pfungwa dzeMunhu muIndia: MuIndia, munhu pachake anowanzoonekwa semunhu ane hukama, achinyanya kukoshesa mhuri nenharaunda. Izvi zvinopesana nepfungwa dzekuMadokero dzekuti munhu akazvimirira, ane hunhu hwemunhu oga. Nyanzvi dzezvepfungwa dzinodzidza kuti pfungwa idzi dzakasiyana dzinokanganisa sei maitiro, zvinokurudzira, uye hukama hwevanhu.
Matambudziko uye Nhungamiro Yeramangwana
Pasinei nemipiro yayo, psychology anthropology inosangana nematambudziko akati wandei:
1. Kufunga Nezvetsika: Kuita tsvakurudzo munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzetsika kunoda kunzwisisa kwakasimba tsika uye kuremekedza tsika nemagariro emunharaunda.
2. Kubatanidzwa Nezvimwe Zvidzidzo: Kubatanidza dzidziso dzevanhu nepfungwa kunogona kunetsa nekuda kwenzira dzakasiyana, mazwi, uye maonero edzidziso. Zvisinei, kushandira pamwe kwemasangano akasiyana-siyana kuchiri kukosha kuti pave nekunzwisisa kwakazara kwemaitiro evanhu.
Kufambira mberi, psychology anthropology inofanira kuchinjika nenyika iri kukura nekukurumidza. Kuwedzera kwekudyidzana kwetsika dzakasiyana kunoda kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwetsika dzepfungwa. Uyezve, kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji mu neuroscience ne digital ethnography kunopa nzira itsva dzekutsvaga, zvingangowedzera hunyanzvi hwekuongorora hwemunda uyu.
Mukupedzisa, psychology anthropology inopa ruzivo rwakakosha muhukama hwakaoma pakati petsika nepfungwa yemunhu. Nekuongorora hwaro hwetsika dzemaitiro ehunhu hwevanhu, chidzidzo ichi hachingowedzere kunzwisisa kwedu hunhu asiwo chinopa ruzivo rwemashandisirwo anoshanda munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana. Sezvo nyika ichiwedzera kubatana, ruzivo rwunoburitswa nepsychology anthropology rucharamba rwakakosha mukufamba nematambudziko etsika nekusimudzira kunzwisisa kwepasi rose.
