Kunzwisisa Nzanga: Maonero eAnthropological
Anthropology, kudzidza kwakazara uye kuenzanisa kwevanhu, kunopa ruzivo rwakasiyana pamusoro pezvinhu zvakaoma kunzwisisa munharaunda dzevanhu. Nekupamhama kwayo uye kudzika kwetsika, anthropology inobatsira zvikuru mukuburitsa pachena kuoma kwemaitiro evanhu, maumbirwo emagariro evanhu, uye tsika dzetsika. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora kuti anthropology inobatsira sei kunzwisisa nharaunda, ichiratidza nzira yayo yakawanda yekuongorora hupenyu hwevanhu.
Nhoroondo uye Kushanduka kweAnthropology
Anthropology, sechidzidzo chedzidzo, yakatanga mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19 nekutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. Pakutanga, yainyanya kutarisa pakuvakazve nhoroondo yevanhu kuburikidza nepfungwa yekushanduka-shanduka kwetsika. Nyanzvi dzekutanga dzeanthropology dzakadai saLewis Henry Morgan naEB Tylor dzakatsvaga kupatsanura nzanga kubva pa'hutsinye' kusvika 'dzetsika.' Maitiro aya, kunyangwe iye zvino achionekwa seanonyanya kukoshesa dzinza, akagadzira hwaro hwenzira dzakasiyana-siyana.
Kubva ipapo, ndima iyi yave ichichinja, ichigamuchira tsika dzinoenderana nemaonero evanhu, pfungwa inotsigirwa naFranz Boas, iyo inoti tsika hadzigone kurongwa maererano nehurongwa asi dzinofanira kunzwisiswa nenzira yadzo. Kuchinja uku kwemaonero evanhu kwave kwakakosha mukusimudzira kunzwisisana kwenharaunda dzakasiyana-siyana nenzira ine tsitsi uye yakakwana.
Anthropology yetsika nemabasa ayo
Kudzidza nezvetsika dzevanhu kunotarisa panzira idzo vanhu vanonzwisisa nyika yakavapoteredza. Izvi zvinoitwa kuburikidza nekudzidza nezvetsika dzevanhu, kudzidza vanhu vari munzvimbo dzavanogara. Kudzidza nezvetsika dzevanhu kunobvumira vanodzidza nezvetsika dzevanhu kuunganidza ruzivo rwakadzama, rwakanyatsotsanangurwa, zvichiratidza nzira dzakaoma dzinoshandiswa netsika kuumba vanhu nenharaunda.
Kunzwisisa Masangano Evanhu
Imwe nzira huru iyo fundo yevanhu inobatsira pakunzwisisa nzanga ndeyekuongorora masangano evanhu akadai semhuri, chitendero, dzidzo, nehurumende. Nekudzidza masangano aya mutsika dzakasiyana-siyana, nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinoona zvinhu zvepasi rose uye tsika dzakasiyana. Semuenzaniso, nepo mhuri iri sangano repasi rose, chimiro chayo nebasa zvinosiyana zvakanyanya. Mune dzimwe tsika, mhuri dzakakura dzinogara pamwe chete ndizvo zvakajairika, nepo mune dzimwe, mhuri dzenyukireya dzinokunda. Kunzwisisa kwakadaro kunobatsira mukunzwisisa kusiyana kwemasangano evanhu.
Kufumura Maitiro Ekufananidzira
Nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinoongororawo maitiro ezviratidzo, anosanganisira mutauro, tsika, uye ngano, izvo zvakakosha mukuumba tsika nemagariro evanhu. Pfungwa yaClifford Geertz ye "tsananguro yakakora" inoratidza nzira iyi, ichikurudzira kududzirwa kwezviratidzo zvetsika mukati mehudzamu hwazvo. Nekunzwisisa zviratidzo izvi, nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinogona kutsanangura tsika nezvitendero zviri pasi payo zvinobatanidza nzanga pamwe chete.
Anthropology Yemagariro Evanhu uye Simba Revanhu
Dzidziso yemagariro evanhu inotarisa patsika dzevanhu uye zvadzinoreva pamasimba nekusaenzana. Inoongorora kuti magariro evanhu anovakwa uye anochengetwa sei. Mipiro mikuru munharaunda iyi inosanganisira dzidziso yaPierre Bourdieu yetsika uye ongororo yaMichel Foucault yehukama hwesimba. Dzidziso idzi dzinojekesa kuti maumbirwo emagariro evanhu anoumba sei maitiro emunhu uye zvinopesana.
Kusaenzana kweSocioeconomic
Anthropology inopa maturusi ekunzwisisa zvikonzero zvikuru uye zviratidzo zvekusawirirana mune zvehupfumi. Zvidzidzo zvetsika munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana zvakaratidza kuti kusawirirana mune zvehupfumi kwakabatana sei nedzimwe nzira dzekupatsanurana mumagariro evanhu, dzakadai serudzi, murume kana mukadzi, uye dzinza. Nekunyora kupindirana uku, nyanzvi dzeanthropology dzinobatsira mukuita zvirongwa zvinobudirira zvakanangana nekuderedza kusawirirana.
Maitiro Ezvematongerwo Enyika uye Hutongi
Kunzwisisa maumbirwo ezvematongerwo enyika nehutungamiriri kuburikidza nepfungwa yezvevanhu kunosanganisira kutarisa masangano epamutemo nemaitiro asina kurongeka. Kubva pakuumbwa kwenyika kusvika kuhutungamiriri hwenzvimbo, nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinoongorora kuti simba rinokurukuriranwa sei uye rinoshandiswa sei. Maitiro aya anonyanya kukosha mukugadzirisa kusawirirana nekuedza kuvaka rugare, uko kunzwisisa mafambiro enzvimbo nehukama hwesimba kwakakosha.
Anthropology yezvekurapa nehutano
Anthropology yezvekurapa inoratidza kuti zvitendero netsika zvinokanganisa sei hutano nekugara zvakanaka. Chikamu chino chinoongorora kubatana kuripo pakati pebiology, nharaunda, netsika mukuumba maitiro ehutano nemigumisiro.
Masisitimu Ehutano Nemaitiro
Nekudzidza nezvemaitiro ehutano echinyakare neemazuva ano, nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzinoratidza mamiriro etsika dzemaitiro ehutano. Semuenzaniso, mune dzimwe tsika, kushandiswa kwevarapi vechivanhu kwakajairika uye kunoenderana nemaitiro ekurapa emazuva ano. Kunzwisisa maitiro aya kunobatsira mukugadzira nzira dzehutano dzinoenderana netsika dzinogona kugamuchirwa uye kushanda.
Hutano Hwevanhu Kupindira
Nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzinoita basa rakakosha muhutano hwevanhu nekuona kuti nzira dzekubatsira vanhu dzinofunga nezvetsika. Semuenzaniso, panguva yekupararira kweEbola kuWest Africa, nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzakabatsira kugadzira nzira dzekutaurirana dzinoenderana nevanhu veko, nokudaro dzichivandudza kushanda kwematanho ehutano.
Inoshandiswa Anthropology uye Social Shanduko
Kudzidzira kwevanhu kunoshandisa nzira dzekudzidza nezvevanhu nedzidziso kugadzirisa matambudziko chaiwo. Kushandiswa uku kwakakosha munzvimbo dzakadai sebudiriro, dzidzo, nekodzero dzevanhu.
Development Zvirongwa
Mumapurojekiti ebudiriro, nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzinoshanda kuona kuti zvirongwa zvinoenderana netsika uye zvinogara kwenguva refu. Dzinoita ongororo yezvinodiwa, dzinoshanda nevanhu vemunharaunda, uye dzinoongorora simba rezvirongwa izvi. Maitiro aya anobatsira mukugadzira mapurogiramu asingangobatsiri chete asiwo anoremekedza tsika dzemunzvimbo.
Kodzero dzevanhu nekutsigira
Nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzinotsigira nharaunda dzakasiyiwa pasi nekunyora nezvekutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu uye kusimudzira ruzivo nezve kusaruramisirwa kwevanhu munharaunda. Basa ravo rinowanzo sanganisira kushanda pamwe chete nemasangano epasi kuti vape simba nharaunda uye vape simba pakuchinja kwemitemo.
Mhedziso: Lenzi yeAnthropological
Mukupedzisa, anthropology inopa chishandiso chakazara chekunzwisisa nzanga. Kusimbisa kwayo kuvimbika kwetsika, tsvakiridzo yakadzama yetsika, uye kuenzanisa tsika dzakasiyana-siyana zvinobvumira ongororo yakarongeka yemasangano emagariro evanhu, masisitimu ezviratidzo, simba, maitiro ehutano, uye nzira dzekubatsira dzakashandiswa.
Maonero evanhu anokosha munyika yepasi rose, uko kunzwisisa nekukoshesa kusiyana kwetsika kwakakosha pakusimudzira kubatana kwevanhu uye kugadzirisa matambudziko epasi rose. Nekujekesa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana idzo vanhu vanoronga nadzo hupenyu hwavo uye kuvapa zvinoreva, dzidzo yevanhu inowedzera kunzwisisa kwedu zvinorehwa nekuva chikamu chenzanga.
Sezvo nzanga dzichiramba dzichichinja, nzwisiso inopihwa neanthropology icharamba yakakosha mukufamba nematambudziko ehupenyu hwevanhu, kusimudzira kururamisira munharaunda, uye kusimudzira kugara zvakanaka kwenharaunda pasi rese.
